Diabetes Care, Vol 17, Issue 2 120-125, Copyright © 1994 by American Diabetes Association

ARTICLES

The predictive value of microalbuminuria in IDDM. A five-year follow-up study

T Almdal, K Norgaard, B Feldt-Rasmussen and T Deckert
Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark.

OBJECTIVE--To investigate the predictive value of microalbuminuria and the annual increase of albumin excretion as risk factors for diabetic nephropathy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--A 5-year follow-up of patients with microalbuminuria (urinary albumin excretion [UAE] = 30-299 mg/24 h) and matched patients with normoalbuminuria (UAE < 30 mg/24 h). The initial classification was based on one single 24-h urine collection. The annual increase in UAE was calculated by linear regression analysis of log-transformed UAE on time. This study was conducted at the outpatient clinic of the Steno Diabetes Center. The study subjects included 118 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients between 18 and 50 years of age with microalbuminuria and 112 matched control patients with normal UAE with an age at diabetes onset of < 31 years. The main outcome measures were UAE, annual change in UAE rate (percentage per year), and the prevalence of retinopathy. RESULTS--After 5 years, 39 (33%, 24-42 CI [95% confidence interval]) patients with microalbuminuria had normoalbuminuria, 57 (48%, 38-57 CI) still had microalbuminuria, and 22 (19%, 12-27 CI) had developed diabetic nephropathy. Among the 112 patients with normoalbuminuria in 1985, 9 (8%, 4-15 CI) had developed microalbuminuria, and 2 (2%, 0-6 CI) had developed diabetic nephropathy. Of the 79 patients with persistent albuminuria, only 36 (46%, 34-57 CI) were progressors with a rate of progression of > 5%/year. Progressors had significantly higher HbAlc, higher mean blood pressure, and a higher incidence of proliferative retinopathy compared with nonprogressors. Multiple regression analysis only identified mean HbAlc as an independent predictor of the rate of progression. Smoking was significantly more prevalent in patients with persistent albuminuria. CONCLUSIONS--Microalbuminuria is a predictor of progression to diabetic nephropathy; however, not as strong as suggested previously. Calculation of the annual increase in UAE seems to be a more specific method of identifying patients who will develop diabetic nephropathy.
CiteULike    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

				L. H. Ficociello, B. A. Perkins, K. H. Silva, D. M. Finkelstein, H. Ignatowska-Switalska, Z. Gaciong, L. A. Cupples, A. Aschengrau, J. H. Warram, and A. S. Krolewski Determinants of Progression from Microalbuminuria to Proteinuria in Patients Who Have Type 1 Diabetes and Are Treated with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., May 1, 2007; 2(3): 461 - 469. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Baskar, D. Kamalakannan, B. Kiberd, M.R. Holland, and B.M. Singh Hypertension-based clinical risk strategies for detecting microalbuminuria in diabetes QJM, June 1, 2005; 98(6): 427 - 433. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Harjutsalo, S. Katoh, C. Sarti, N. Tajima, and J. Tuomilehto Population-Based Assessment of Familial Clustering of Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes Diabetes, September 1, 2004; 53(9): 2449 - 2454. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Krimholtz, A. Smith, and G. Viberti Accurate measurement of albuminuria at reduced cost Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., July 1, 2004; 19(7): 1934 - 1935. [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. S. Arun, J. Stoddart, P. Mackin, J. M. MacLeod, J. P. New, and S. M. Marshall Significance of Microalbuminuria in Long-Duration Type 1 Diabetes Diabetes Care, July 1, 2003; 26(7): 2144 - 2149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Hovind, L. Tarnow, K. Rossing, P. Rossing, S. Eising, N. Larsen, C. Binder, and H.-H. Parving Decreasing Incidence of Severe Diabetic Microangiopathy in Type 1 Diabetes Diabetes Care, April 1, 2003; 26(4): 1258 - 1264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Hovind, P. Rossing, L. Tarnow, and H.-H. Parving Smoking and Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes Diabetes Care, March 1, 2003; 26(3): 911 - 916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. R. Orth Smoking and the Kidney J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., June 1, 2002; 13(6): 1663 - 1672. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M.E. Spoelstra-de Man, C. B. Brouwer, C. D.A. Stehouwer, and Y. M. Smulders Rapid Progression of Albumin Excretion Is an Independent Predictor of Cardiovascular Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria Diabetes Care, December 1, 2001; 24(12): 2097 - 2101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. P. Tabaei, A. S. Al-Kassab, L. L. Ilag, C. M. Zawacki, and W. H. Herman Does Microalbuminuria Predict Diabetic Nephropathy? Diabetes Care, September 1, 2001; 24(9): 1560 - 1566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Jager, P. J. Kostense, G. Nijpels, J. M. Dekker, R. J. Heine, L. M. Bouter, A. J. M. Donker, and C. D. A. Stehouwer Serum Homocysteine Levels Are Associated With the Development of (Micro)albuminuria : The Hoorn Study Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., January 1, 2001; 21(1): 74 - 81. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C A Jones, G P Leese, S Kerr, K Bestwick, D I Isherwood, J P Vora, D A Hughes, and C Smith Development and progression of microalbuminuria in a clinic sample of patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus Arch. Dis. Child., June 1, 1998; 78(6): 518 - 523. [Abstract] [Full Text]