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Diabetes Care, Vol 23, Issue 7 934-942, Copyright © 2000 by American Diabetes Association
Depression and poor glycemic control: a meta-analytic review of the literature
PJ Lustman, RJ Anderson, KE Freedland, M de Groot, RM Carney and RE Clouse
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, and the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St Louis, Missouri, USA. lustmanp@psychiatry.wustl.edu
OBJECTIVE: Depression is common among patients with diabetes, but its
relationship to glycemic control has not been systematically reviewed. Our
objective was to determine whether depression is associated with poor
glycemic control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Medline and PsycINFO
databases and published reference lists were used to identify studies that
measured the association of depression with glycemic control. Meta-analytic
procedures were used to convert the findings to a common metric, calculate
effect sizes (ESs), and statistically analyze the collective data. RESULTS:
A total of 24 studies satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria for
the meta-analysis. Depression was significantly associated with
hyperglycemia (Z = 5.4, P < 0.0001). The standardized ES was in the
small-to-moderate range (0.17) and was consistent, as the 95% CI was narrow
(0.13-0.21). The ES was similar in studies of either type 1 or type 2
diabetes (ES 0.19 vs. 0.16) and larger when standardized interviews and
diagnostic criteria rather than self-report questionnaires were used to
assess depression (ES 0.28 vs. 0.15). CONCLUSIONS: Depression is associated
with hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Additional
studies are needed to establish the directional nature of this relationship
and to determine the effects of depression treatment on glycemic control
and the long-term course of diabetes.

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