HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Liese, A. D. Articles by Mayer-Davis, E. J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Liese, A. D. Articles by Mayer-Davis, E. J. Related Collections Related Article Editorial Social Bookmarking                What's this?

Dietary Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load, Carbohydrate and Fiber Intake, and Measures of Insulin Sensitivity, Secretion, and Adiposity in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study

¹ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
² Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
³ Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
⁴ Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
⁵ Center for Research in Nutrition and Health Disparities, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Angela D. Liese, PhD, MPH, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 800 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29205. E-mail: liese{at}sc.edu

OBJECTIVE—We studied the association of digestible carbohydrates, fiber intake, glycemic index, and glycemic load with insulin sensitivity (S_I), fasting insulin, acute insulin response (AIR), disposition index, BMI, and waist circumference.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Data on 979 adults with normal (67%) and impaired (33%) glucose tolerance from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (1992–1994) were analyzed. Usual dietary intake was assessed via a 114-item interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire from which nutrient intakes were estimated. Published glycemic index values were assigned to food items and average dietary glycemic index and glycemic load calculated per subject. S_I and AIR were determined by frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Disposition index was calculated by multiplying S_I with AIR. Multiple linear regression modeling was employed.

RESULTS—No association was observed between glycemic index and S_I, fasting insulin, AIR, disposition index, BMI, or waist circumference after adjustment for demographic characteristics or family history of diabetes, energy expenditure, and smoking. Associations observed for digestible carbohydrates and glycemic load, respectively, with S_I, insulin secretion, and adiposity (adjusted for demographics and main confounders) were entirely explained by energy intake. In contrast, fiber was associated positively with S_I and disposition index and inversely with fasting insulin, BMI, and waist circumference but not with AIR.

CONCLUSION—Carbohydrates as reflected in glycemic index and glycemic load may not be related to measures of insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and adiposity. Fiber intake may not only have beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and adiposity, but also on pancreatic functionality.

Abbreviations: AIR, acute insulin response • FFQ, food frequency questionnaire • FSIGT, frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test • HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance • IRAS, Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study

CiteULike    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

Related Articles:

Do Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Fiber Play a Role in Insulin Sensitivity, Disposition Index, and Type 2 Diabetes?

Xavier Pi-Sunyer
Diabetes Care 2005 28: 2978-2979. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				H. Du, D. L van der A, M. M. van Bakel, C. J. van der Kallen, E. E Blaak, M. M. van Greevenbroek, E. H. Jansen, G. Nijpels, C. D. Stehouwer, J. M Dekker, et al. Glycemic index and glycemic load in relation to food and nutrient intake and metabolic risk factors in a Dutch population Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2008; 87(3): 655 - 661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Riccardi, A. A Rivellese, and R. Giacco Role of glycemic index and glycemic load in the healthy state, in prediabetes, and in diabetes Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2008; 87(1): 269S - 274S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				American Diabetes Association Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Diabetes: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association Diabetes Care, January 1, 2008; 31(Supplement_1): S61 - S78. [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Kan, J. Stevens, G. Heiss, R. Klein, K. M Rose, and S. J London Dietary fiber intake and retinal vascular caliber in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2007; 86(6): 1626 - 1632. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Villegas, S. Liu, Y.-T. Gao, G. Yang, H. Li, W. Zheng, and X. O. Shu Prospective Study of Dietary Carbohydrates, Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Middle-aged Chinese Women Arch Intern Med, November 26, 2007; 167(21): 2310 - 2316. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. N Davis, K. E Alexander, E. E Ventura, L. A Kelly, C. J Lane, C. E Byrd-Williams, C. M Toledo-Corral, C. K Roberts, D. Spruijt-Metz, M. J Weigensberg, et al. Associations of dietary sugar and glycemic index with adiposity and insulin dynamics in overweight Latino youth Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2007; 86(5): 1331 - 1338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Weight Loss Requires Drop in Calories, Not Low GI DOC News, November 1, 2007; 4(11): 4 - 4. [Full Text]

				A. Mosdol, D. R Witte, G. Frost, M. G Marmot, and E. J Brunner Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load are associated with high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol at baseline but not with increased risk of diabetes in the Whitehall II study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2007; 86(4): 988 - 994. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Murakami, S. Sasaki, Y. Takahashi, K. Uenishi, M. Yamasaki, H. Hayabuchi, T. Goda, J. Oka, K. Baba, K. Ohki, et al. Hardness (difficulty of chewing) of the habitual diet in relation to body mass index and waist circumference in free-living Japanese women aged 18-22 y Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2007; 86(1): 206 - 213. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. J. Mukamal, I. Kawachi, M. Miller, and E. B. Rimm Body Mass Index and Risk of Suicide Among Men Arch Intern Med, March 12, 2007; 167(5): 468 - 475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Franz The Evidence Is In: Lifestyle Interventions Can Prevent Diabetes American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, March 1, 2007; 1(2): 113 - 121. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. D. Liese, T. Gilliard, M. Schulz, R. B. D'Agostino Jr, and T. M.S. Wolever Carbohydrate nutrition, glycaemic load, and plasma lipids: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study Eur. Heart J., January 1, 2007; 28(1): 80 - 87. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				American Diabetes Association Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Diabetes: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association Diabetes Care, January 1, 2007; 30(suppl_1): S48 - S65. [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Zhang, S. Liu, C. G. Solomon, and F. B. Hu Dietary Fiber Intake, Dietary Glycemic Load, and the Risk for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Care, October 1, 2006; 29(10): 2223 - 2230. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Lau, U. Toft, I. Tetens, B. Richelsen, T. Jorgensen, K. Borch-Johnsen, and C. Glumer Association between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and body mass index in the Inter99 study: is underreporting a problem? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2006; 84(3): 641 - 645. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				American Diabetes Association Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Diabetes-2006: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, September 1, 2006; 29(9): 2140 - 2157. [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. McAuley and J. Mann Thematic review series: Patient-Oriented Research. Nutritional determinants of insulin resistance J. Lipid Res., August 1, 2006; 47(8): 1668 - 1676. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. W. Barclay and J. C. Brand-Miller Validity of Glycemic Index Estimates in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study: Response to Liese et al. Diabetes Care, July 1, 2006; 29(7): 1718 - 1719. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. E. Buyken, Y. Kellerhoff, S. Hahn, A. Kroke, and T. Remer Urinary C-Peptide Excretion in Free-Living Healthy Children Is Related to Dietary Carbohydrate Intake but Not to the Dietary Glycemic Index J. Nutr., July 1, 2006; 136(7): 1828 - 1833. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Schulz, A. D. Liese, F. Fang, T. S. Gilliard, and A. J. Karter Is the Association Between Dietary Glycemic Index and Type 2 Diabetes Modified by Waist Circumference? Diabetes Care, May 1, 2006; 29(5): 1102 - 1104. [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Pi-Sunyer Do Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Fiber Play a Role in Insulin Sensitivity, Disposition Index, and Type 2 Diabetes? Diabetes Care, December 1, 2005; 28(12): 2978 - 2979. [Full Text] [PDF]