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Total Contact Casting of the Diabetic Foot in Daily Practice

A prospective follow-up study

¹ Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
² Casting Clinic, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
³ Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
⁴ Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Marrigje H. Nabuurs-Franssen, University Hospital Maastricht, Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, P.O. Box 5800, Maastricht 6200 AZ, Netherlands. E-mail: m.nabuurs-franssen{at}intmed.unimaas.nl

OBJECTIVE— A limited number of clinical trials have shown that the total contact cast (TCC) is an effective treatment in neuropathic, noninfected, and nonischemic foot ulcers. In this prospective data collection study, we assessed outcome and complications of TCC treatment in neuropathic patients with and without peripheral arterial disease (PAD) or (superficial) infection.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Ninety-eight consecutive patients selected for casting were followed until healing; all had polyneuropathy, 44% had PAD, and 29% had infection. Primary outcomes were percentage healed with a cast, time to heal, and number of complications.

RESULTS— Ninety percent of all nonischemic ulcers without infection and 87% with infection healed in the cast (NS). In patients with PAD but without critical limb ischemia, 69% of the ulcers without infection and 36% with infection healed (P < 0.01). In multivariate analyses, PAD, infection, and heel ulcers were associated with a lower percentage healed (all P < 0.05). Median duration of cast treatment was 34 days. New ulcers, all superfical, developed in 9% and preulcerative lesions in 28% of the patients; these skin lesions healed in the cast within a maximum of 13 days.

CONCLUSIONS— In comparison to pure neuropathic ulcers, ulcers with moderate ischemia or infection can be treated effectively with casting. However, when both PAD and infection are present or the patient has a heel ulcer, outcome is poor and alternative strategies should be sought. The high rate of preulcerative lesions stresses the importance of close monitoring during TCC treatment.

Abbreviations: PAD, peripheral arterial disease • RCC, removable total contact cast • SMC, shoe-model cast • TCC, total contact cast

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Total Contact Casts and Diabetic Foot Sores

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