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Monounsaturated Fat–Rich Diet Prevents Central Body Fat Distribution and Decreases Postprandial Adiponectin Expression Induced by a Carbohydrate-Rich Diet in Insulin-Resistant Subjects

¹ Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
² Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
³ Molecular Mechanisms of Energy Balance, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.
⁴ Nuclear Laboratory Service, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Juan A. Paniagua González and F. Pérez Jiménez Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Avda Menéndez Pidal, s/n 14004, Córdoba, Spain. E-mail: japaniaguag{at}yahoo.es or md1pejif{at}uco.es

OBJECTIVE— Central obesity is associated with insulin resistance through factors that are not fully understood. We studied the effects of three different isocaloric diets on body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity, and peripheral adiponectin gene expression.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Eleven volunteers, offspring of obese type 2 diabetic patients with abdominal fat deposition, were studied. These subjects were considered insulin resistant as indicated by Matsuda index values <4 after an oral glucose tolerance test, and they maintained A1C <6.5% without therapeutic intervention. All subjects underwent three dietary periods of 28 days each in a crossover design: 1) diet enriched in saturated fat (SAT), 2) diet rich in monounsaturated fat (MUFA) (Mediterranean diet), and 3) diet rich in carbohydrates (CHOs).

RESULTS— Weight, body composition, and resting energy expenditure remained unchanged during the three sequential dietary periods. Using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry we observed that when patients were fed a CHO-enriched diet, their fat mass was redistributed toward the abdominal depot, whereas periphery fat accumulation decreased compared with isocaloric MUFA-rich and high-SAT diets (ANOVA P < 0.05). Changes in fat deposition were associated with decreased postprandial mRNA adiponectin levels in peripheral adipose tissue and lower insulin sensitivity index values from a frequently sampled insulin-assisted intravenous glucose tolerance test in patients fed a CHO-rich diet compared with a MUFA-rich diet (ANOVA P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS— An isocaloric MUFA-rich diet prevents central fat redistribution and the postprandial decrease in peripheral adiponectin gene expression and insulin resistance induced by a CHO-rich diet in insulin-resistant subjects.

Abbreviations: AUC, area under the curve • CHO, carbohydrate • DEXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry • MUFA, monounsaturated fat • NEFA, nonesterified fatty acid • PUFA, polyunsaturated fat • SAT, saturated fat

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