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Published online March 10, 2008
Diabetes Care 31:1242-1247, 2008
DOI: 10.2337/dc07-2298
© 2008 by the American Diabetes Association
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Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk
Original Research

Cardiorespiratory Fitness as a Feature of Metabolic Syndrome in Older Men and Women

The Dose-Responses to Exercise Training Study (DR's EXTRA)

Maija Hassinen, MSC1, Timo A. Lakka, MD1,2, Kai Savonen, MD1, Hannu Litmanen, MD1, Leena Kiviaho, MSC1, David E. Laaksonen, MD2,3, Pirjo Komulainen, MSC1 and Rainer Rauramaa, MD1,4

1 Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
2 Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
3 Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
4 Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

Corresponding author: Maija Hassinen, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Haapaniementie 16, FIN-70100 Kuopio, Finland. E-mail: maija.hassinen{at}uku.fi

OBJECTIVE—We studied the associations of cardiorespiratory fitness with metabolic syndrome in older men and women, because such data are limited in representative population samples.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We studied a population sample of 671 men and 676 women aged 57–79 years at baseline of a randomized controlled intervention study. We assessed maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) by respiratory gas analysis during a maximal bicycle exercise test.

RESULTS—VO2max had a strong, inverse, and graded association with the risk of having metabolic syndrome as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria. Men and women in the lowest third of VO2max had 10.2- and 10.8-fold higher risks and those in the middle third had 2.9- and 4.7-fold higher risks (P < 0.001 all) of metabolic syndrome than those with the highest VO2max after multivariable adjustments. Factor analysis generated a principal factor that was strongly loaded by the main components of metabolic syndrome and VO2max (–0.68 in men and –0.70 in women).

CONCLUSIONS—Low cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with metabolic syndrome in older men and women. Our findings suggest that low cardiorespiratory fitness could be considered a feature of metabolic syndrome.

Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease • IGR, impaired glucose regulation


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