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Diabetes Mellitus and Exercise

	INTRODUCTION

 
During exercise, whole-body oxygen consumption may increase by as much as 20-fold, and even greater increases may occur in the working muscles. To meet its energy needs under these circumstances, skeletal muscle uses, at a greatly increased rate, its own stores of glycogen and triglycerides, as well as free fatty acids (FFAs) derived from the breakdown of adipose tissue triglycerides and glucose released from the liver. To preserve central nervous system function, blood glucose levels are remarkably well maintained during exercise. Hypoglycemia during exercise rarely occurs in nondiabetic individuals. The metabolic adjustments that preserve normoglycemia during exercise are in large part hormonally mediated. A decrease in plasma insulin and the presence of glucagon appear to be necessary for the early increase in hepatic glucose production during exercise, and during prolonged exercise, increases in plasma glucagon and catecholamines appear to play a key role. These hormonal adaptations are essentially lost in insulin-deficient patients with type 1 diabetes. As a consequence, when such individuals have too little insulin in their circulation due to inadequate therapy, an excessive release of counterinsulin hormones during exercise may increase already high levels of glucose and ketone bodies and can even precipitate diabetic ketoacidosis. Conversely, the presence of high levels of insulin, due to exogenous insulin administration, can attenuate or even prevent the increased mobilization of glucose and other substrates induced by exercise, and hypoglycemia may ensue. Similar concerns exist in patients with type 2 diabetes on insulin or sulfonylurea therapy; however, in general, hypoglycemia during exercise tends to be less of a problem in this population. Indeed, in patients with type 2 diabetes, exercise may improve insulin sensitivity and assist in diminishing elevated blood glucose levels into the normal range.

The purpose of this position statement is to update and crystallize current thinking on the role . . . [Full Text of this Article]

	EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT BEFORE EXERCISE

 
Cardiovascular system
Peripheral arterial disease
Retinopathy
Nephropathy
Neuropathy: peripheral
Neuropathy: autonomic

	PREPARING FOR EXERCISE

 

	EXERCISE AND TYPE 2 DIABETES

 
Glycemic control
Prevention of cardiovascular disease
Hyperlipidemia
Hypertension
Fibrinolysis
Obesity
Prevention of type 2 diabetes

	EXERCISE AND TYPE 1 DIABETES

 

	EXERCISE IN THE ELDERLY

 

	CONCLUSIONS

 

	Footnotes

 

	References

 

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