HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Liu, S. Articles by Buring, J. E. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Liu, S. Articles by Buring, J. E. Social Bookmarking                What's this?

A Prospective Study of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women

¹ Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
² Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
³ Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
⁴ Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
⁵ Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Simin Liu, Division of Preventive Medicine, BrighamWomen’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Ave. East, Boston, MA 02215. E-mail: siminliu@hsph.harvard.edu

Abbreviations: WHS, Women’s Health Study

The first 20% of the full text of this article appears below.

	INTRODUCTION

 
Fruits and vegetables contain many beneficial nutrients and phytochemicals that are thought to protect against cardiovascular disease (1,2) and diabetes (3–5). Further, different types of vegetables and fruits may differ in their contents of carbohydrates, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and other unidentified phytochemicals. However, epidemiologic data on fruit and vegetable intake and type 2 diabetes are very limited. To evaluate the hypothesis that a high intake of fruits and vegetables protects against the incidence of type 2 diabetes and to explore whether specific subgroups of fruits and vegetables differentially affect diabetes risk, we analyzed prospective data from the Women’s Health Study (WHS) from 1993 to 2003.

	RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

 
The WHS comprised 39,876 female health professionals aged 45 years who were free of heart disease, stroke, or cancer at baseline. Detailed diet information was provided by 38,018 (95%) of the participants without previously diagnosed diabetes at baseline and who completed a 131-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (6).

This semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire, including 28 vegetable and 16 fruit items, has demonstrated reasonably good validity as a measure of long-term dietary intakes in women (6). The average daily intakes of individual fruits and vegetables were calculated by multiplying the intake frequency by the portion size of the specific items. Intake of total fruits and vegetables was then computed by summing over the intake of individual items. We divided the vegetables into groups, including . . . [Full Text of this Article]

	RESULTS

 

	CONCLUSIONS

 

CiteULike    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

				J. A. Nettleton, L. M. Steffen, H. Ni, K. Liu, and D. R. Jacobs Jr. Dietary Patterns and Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Diabetes Care, September 1, 2008; 31(9): 1777 - 1782. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A.-H. Harding, N. J. Wareham, S. A. Bingham, K. Khaw, R. Luben, A. Welch, and N. G. Forouhi Plasma Vitamin C Level, Fruit and Vegetable Consumption, and the Risk of New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The European Prospective Investigation of Cancer-Norfolk Prospective Study Arch Intern Med, July 28, 2008; 168(14): 1493 - 1499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. F. Tinker, D. E. Bonds, K. L. Margolis, J. E. Manson, B. V. Howard, J. Larson, M. G. Perri, S. A. A. Beresford, J. G. Robinson, B. Rodriguez, et al. Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Risk of Treated Diabetes Mellitus in Postmenopausal Women: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial Arch Intern Med, July 28, 2008; 168(14): 1500 - 1511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. A. Bazzano, T. Y. Li, K. J. Joshipura, and F. B. Hu Intake of Fruit, Vegetables, and Fruit Juices and Risk of Diabetes in Women Diabetes Care, July 1, 2008; 31(7): 1311 - 1317. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. S. Bassuk and J. E. Manson Lifestyle and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes in Women: A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, June 1, 2008; 2(3): 191 - 213. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. Valtuena, N. Pellegrini, L. Franzini, M. A Bianchi, D. Ardigo, D. Del Rio, P. Piatti, F. Scazzina, I. Zavaroni, and F. Brighenti Food selection based on total antioxidant capacity can modify antioxidant intake, systemic inflammation, and liver function without altering markers of oxidative stress Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2008; 87(5): 1290 - 1297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Villegas, X. O. Shu, Y.-T. Gao, G. Yang, T. Elasy, H. Li, and W. Zheng Vegetable but Not Fruit Consumption Reduces the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Chinese Women J. Nutr., March 1, 2008; 138(3): 574 - 580. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Villegas, S. Liu, Y.-T. Gao, G. Yang, H. Li, W. Zheng, and X. O. Shu Prospective Study of Dietary Carbohydrates, Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Middle-aged Chinese Women Arch Intern Med, November 26, 2007; 167(21): 2310 - 2316. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Esmaillzadeh, M. Kimiagar, Y. Mehrabi, L. Azadbakht, F. B Hu, and W. C Willett Fruit and vegetable intakes, C-reactive protein, and the metabolic syndrome Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2006; 84(6): 1489 - 1497. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. E. Rumawas, N. M. McKeown, G. Rogers, J. B. Meigs, P. W.F. Wilson, and P. F. Jacques Magnesium Intake Is Related to Improved Insulin Homeostasis in the Framingham Offspring Cohort J. Am. Coll. Nutr., December 1, 2006; 25(6): 486 - 492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Hendry More Fruits and Vegetables Equal Lower Risk, Less Weight DOC News, October 1, 2006; 3(10): 8 - 9. [Full Text]

				A. Hozawa, D. R. Jacobs Jr., M. W. Steffes, M. D. Gross, L. M. Steffen, and D.-H. Lee Associations of Serum Carotenoid Concentrations with the Development of Diabetes and with Insulin Concentration: Interaction with Smoking: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study Am. J. Epidemiol., May 15, 2006; 163(10): 929 - 937. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. L Halton, W. C Willett, S. Liu, J. E Manson, M. J Stampfer, and F. B Hu Potato and french fry consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2006; 83(2): 284 - 290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. S. Sartorelli, R. D. Freire, S. R. G. Ferreira, M. A. Cardoso, and for the Japanese-Brazilian Diabetes Study Group Dietary Fiber and Glucose Tolerance in Japanese Brazilians Diabetes Care, September 1, 2005; 28(9): 2240 - 2242. [Full Text] [PDF]