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Diabetes Care 28:956-962, 2005
© 2005 by the American Diabetes Association, Inc.

Reviews/Commentaries/ADA Statements
ADA Statement

Diabetic Neuropathies

A statement by the American Diabetes Association

Andrew J.M. Boulton, MD, FRCP1,2, Arthur I. Vinik, MD, PHD3, Joseph C. Arezzo, PHD4, Vera Bril, MD5, Eva L. Feldman, MD, PHD6, Roy Freeman, MB, CHB7, Rayaz A. Malik, PHD, MRCP1, Raelene E. Maser, PHD8, Jay M. Sosenko, MS, MD2 and Dan Ziegler, MD, FRCP9

1 Department of Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, U.K.
2 Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
3 The Strelitz Diabetes Institute, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
4 Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
5 Department of Medicine (Neurology), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
6 Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
7 Department of Neurology, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
8 Department of Medical Technology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
9 German Diabetes Clinic, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute at the Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany

Address correspondence and reprint requests to (somatic) Prof. A.J.M. Boulton, Department of Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, U.K. E-mail: aboulton@med.miami.edu. Or (autonomic) Dr. Aaron Vinik, Director, Strelitz Diabetes Research Institute, 855 W. Brambleton Ave., Norfolk, VA 23510. E-mail: vinikai@evms.edu

Address correspondence and reprint requests to (somatic) Prof. A.J.M. Boulton, Department of Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, U.K. E-mail: aboulton@med.miami.edu. Or (autonomic) Dr. Aaron Vinik, Director, Strelitz Diabetes Research Institute, 855 W. Brambleton Ave., Norfolk, VA 23510. E-mail: vinikai@evms.edu

Abbreviations: CAN, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy • CIDP, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy • DAN, diabetic autonomic neuropathy • DPN, distal symmetric polyneuropathy • HRV, heart rate variability

The first 300 words of the full text of this article appear below.

The diabetic neuropathies are heterogeneous, affecting different parts of the nervous system that present with diverse clinical manifestations. They may be focal or diffuse. Most common among the neuropathies are chronic sensorimotor distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DPN) and the autonomic neuropathies. DPN is a diagnosis of exclusion. The early recognition and appropriate management of neuropathy in the patient with diabetes is important for a number of reasons. 1) Nondiabetic neuropathies may be present in patients with diabetes. 2) A number of treatment options exist for symptomatic diabetic neuropathy. 3) Up to 50% of DPN may be asymptomatic, and patients are at risk of insensate injury to their feet. As >80% of amputations follow a foot ulcer or injury, early recognition of at-risk individuals, provision of education, and appropriate foot care may result in a reduced incidence of ulceration and consequently amputation. 4) Autonomic neuropathy may involve every system in the body. 5) Autonomic neuropathy causes substantial morbidity and increased mortality, particularly if cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is present. Treatment should be directed at underlying pathogenesis. Effective symptomatic treatments are available for the manifestations of DPN and autonomic neuropathy.

This statement is based on two recent technical reviews (1,2), to which the reader is referred for detailed discussion and relevant references to the literature.

DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATION

An internationally agreed simple definition of DPN for clinical practice is "the presence of symptoms and/or signs of peripheral nerve dysfunction in people with diabetes after the exclusion of other causes" (3). However, the diagnosis cannot be made without a careful clinical examination of the lower limbs, as absence of symptoms should never be assumed to indicate an absence of signs. This definition conveys the important message that not all patients with peripheral nerve dysfunction have a . . . [Full Text of this Article]

DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA AND BRIEF CLINICAL ASPECTS

A) Sensory neuropathies: clinical features
1) Acute sensory neuropathy.
2) Chronic sensorimotor DPN.
3) Diagnosis.
B) Focal and multifocal neuropathies
C) Autonomic neuropathy (8–14)
Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular system and exercise.
Gastrointestinal
Genitourinary
EPIDEMIOLOGY

DPN
DAN
MANAGEMENT

A) Prevention
B) Pathogenetic treatments (16–19)
C) Symptomatic treatments
1) DPN (2,3,20–22).
2) Autonomic neuropathy.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SCREENING FOR AND TREATMENT OF DIABETIC NEUROPATHY

A. Tight glycemic control
B. Screening
1) Chronic sensorimotor DPN.
2) Autonomic neuropathy.

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