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Behavior of Insulin Resistance and Its Metabolic Correlates in Prepubertal Children

A Longitudinal Study (EarlyBird 32)

¹ Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peninsula Medical School, Plymouth Campus, Plymouth, U.K
² Division of Pathology and Neuroscience, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
³ BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Alison N. Jeffery, EarlyBird Research Centre, Child Health, Level 12, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, PL6 8DH, U.K. E-mail: alison.jeffery@pms.ac.uk

Abbreviations: ES, effect size • HOMA, homeostasis model assessment • HOMA-B, HOMA of β-cell function • HOMA-IR, HOMA of insulin resistance • SSF, sum of skinfolds

The first 20% of the full text of this article appears below.

	INTRODUCTION

 
Secular trends in childhood obesity suggest that many children are gaining excess fat, thereby contributing to an emerging epidemic of type 2 diabetes in young people (1,2). However, it is normal for children to accumulate some fat in the years before puberty (3). These considerations highlight the difficulty in distinguishing pathological from physiological fat accumulation. Longitudinal data in healthy children are required in order to properly examine the relationships between adiposity and metabolic health. We prospectively studied a cohort of healthy prepubertal British school children and report here some unexpected temporal relationships between adiposity and insulin resistance.

	RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—

 
EarlyBird is a prospective nonintervention study investigating the emergence of insulin resistance in childhood. A cohort of 307 healthy children was recruited in 2000–2001 from randomly selected schools in Plymouth, U.K. Most are Caucasian, with a wide socioeconomic mix. Mean ± SD age at recruitment was 4.9 ± 0.25 years. The protocol has previously been described in detail (4). Results are reported for the first 4 study years, when the children were aged 5, 6, 7, and then 8 years. Only children who attended at all four time points (130 boys and 100 girls) were included for analysis. Those excluded (40 boys and 37 girls) did not differ anthropometrically or in metabolic measures at age 5 years (t tests; all P > 0.05). The male preponderance resulted from random recruitment. Results are presented separately by sex.

Annual measures
Annual measures included height, weight, BMI standardized to 1990 U.K. reference data (SD scores), sum of five skinfolds (SSF) (skinfolds measured twice over . . . [Full Text of this Article]

Statistical analyses

	RESULTS

 
Adiposity
Metabolic variables
Correlations

	CONCLUSIONS—

 

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				M. J. Murphy, J. Hosking, B. S. Metcalf, L. D. Voss, A. N. Jeffery, N. Sattar, R. Williams, J. Jeffery, and T. J. Wilkin Distribution of Adiponectin, Leptin, and Metabolic Correlates of Insulin Resistance: A Longitudinal Study in British Children; 1: Prepuberty (EarlyBird 15) Clin. Chem., August 1, 2008; 54(8): 1298 - 1306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]