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Exercise Reduces Resistin and Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

¹ First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
² Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
³ Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
⁴ Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Nikolaos P. Kadoglou, 124 Vosporou St., 54454 Thessaloniki, Greece. E-mail: nikoskad@yahoo.com

Abbreviations: HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance • hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein • IL, interleukin

The first 20% of the full text of this article appears below.

	INTRODUCTION

 
Type 2 diabetes is associated with an excessive risk of cardiovascular events (1). On the other hand, physical activity reduces cardiovascular morbidity in diabetic patients (2). Resistin and numerous inflammatory markers (e.g., high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP], interleukin [IL]-6, and IL-18) have emerged as novel predictors of cardiovascular diseases (3–5). We hypothesized that exercise could afford pleiotropic cardioprotective actions by modifying these factors in type 2 diabetic patients.

	RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—

 
The study included 60 overweight/obese patients (BMI >25 kg/m²) with type 2 diabetes who consented to participate. All patients were on a stable antidiabetes regimen (sulfonylureas and/or metfromin) but with inadequate glycemic control (A1C >6.5%). Smokers and patients receiving lipid-lowering medications, insulin, or thiazolidinediones were rejected. Those with diabetic vascular complications, life-threatening diseases, orthopedic problems, or liver and renal impairment were also excluded. Participants retained their eating patterns, and they were randomly assigned to either the exercise group (n = 30) or control group (n = 30).

Exercise training
All subjects were inactive, and none reported engaging in systemic (more than one time per week) sport activities before the study. Patients in the exercise group underwent a 16-week aerobic exercise training program consisting of four 45–60 min sessions per week (50–85% maximum oxygen consumption [VO_2max]). Exercise modality was based on the recent recommendations of the American Diabetes Association (6). The workload was individualized according to the initial physical fitness assessment and gradually increased with continuous electocardiographic measurement. Aerobic exercise consisted mainly of walking or running on a treadmill, cycling, and calisthenics involving upper and lower limbs. Moreover, subjects in the exercise group were encouraged to increase . . . [Full Text of this Article]

Laboratory and clinical measurements
Statistical analysis

	RESULTS—

 
Effects of intervention
Correlations

	CONCLUSIONS—

 

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