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Genotype Arg/Arg, but not Trp/Arg, of the Trp64Arg Polymorphism of the ß₃-Adrenergic Receptor Is Associated With Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity in a Large Japanese Sample

¹ Third Department of Internal Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan, and the
² Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS References

 
OBJECTIVE—Despite a large number of studies, no association of the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the ß₃-adrenergic receptor gene with obesity and type 2 diabetes has yet to be clearly elucidated. We examined the associations in a large population-based sample.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 1,685 subjects (935 women and 750 men, aged 58.7 ± 12.4 years) from a cohort population (n = 3,706) of the Funagata Diabetes Study were divided into three groups according to genotypes: Trp/Trp (n = 1,155), Trp/Arg (n = 486), and Arg/Arg (n = 44). Glucose tolerance was diagnosed according to the 1985 World Health Organization criteria. Subjects who had a BMI 30 kg/m² were considered obese. Associations with the traits related to obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were also examined. The ² test and analysis of variance were used for the association studies and to assess the differences in the traits’ values, respectively.

RESULTS—More subjects with genotype Arg/Arg were obese and had diabetes (13.6% for each) than those with genotype Trp/Trp (3.29%, P < 0.001; and 4.16%, P = 0.007, respectively) or genotype Trp/Arg (2.06%, P < 0.001; and 5.97%, P = 0.051, respectively). No significant differences in the frequencies of occurrence of these conditions were observed between genotypes Trp/Arg and Trp/Trp. Traits related to obesity, such as percent body fat (28.82 ± 7.95 vs. 25.93 ± 7.21, P = 0.038) and BMI (25.07 ± 3.84 vs. 23.63 ± 3.18, P = 0.018), were higher in the genotype Arg/Arg than in the genotype Trp/Trp groups.

CONCLUSIONS—Genotype Arg/Arg, but not Trp/Arg, of the ß₃-adrenergic receptor was associated with both obesity and type 2 diabetes in a large Japanese sample.

Abbreviations: FPG, fasting plasma glucose

	INTRODUCTION

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Obesity causes insulin resistance and is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Obesity has been reported to be determined by the interplay of both environmental and genetic factors (1). However, attempts to identify the genes causing obesity in humans using the candidate gene approach or linkage studies in obese families have been rather unsuccessful (2). The ß₃-adrenergic receptor gene has been postulated as a factor. It is predominantly expressed in adipose tissue and regulates lipid metabolism and thermogenesis, so its impairment may lead to obesity through its effect on the energy expenditure of fat tissue (3). Indeed, the gene polymorphism Trp64Arg of the ß₃-adrenergic receptor was reported to be associated with a tendency toward weight gain, insulin resistance, and the earlier onset of type 2 diabetes (4,5,6). Since then, a large number of studies have shown either an association between obesity and the gene polymorphism (4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16) or a lack thereof (5,6,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25). The reason for this discrepancy is not clear. The small number of subjects examined rather than differences in ethnic background or sex, may be the cause (26). Few studies included >600 subjects, and the numbers of subjects with genotype Arg/Arg were not significant (9,17,18,24). The Arg allele might have a weak influence on the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes; as a result, it would only be possible to determine any association in a study with a large sample. Therefore, a study with a substantial number of subjects with genotype Arg/Arg was needed. We examined the association of the genotype with obesity and type 2 diabetes in a large population-based Japanese sample. This study was expected to provide an even larger number of subjects with genotype Arg/Arg, since the frequency of the Arg allele seemed to be common in Japan (7,8,12,14). The gene polymorphism might affect only a fraction of subjects; thus, the differences in the proportion of the fraction among the studies might have led to the different results (27). Therefore, we also examined the differences in the distributions for the traits related to obesity and diabetes among the genotypes. Subsequently, we were able to make a conclusion regarding whether the gene polymorphism is a risk factor for obesity and type 2 diabetes.

	RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS References

 
The Funagata Diabetes Study was a population-based study that was undertaken to clarify the risk factors, related conditions, and consequences for type 2 diabetes from an epidemiological point of view (28). In Funagata, an agricultural area located about 400 km north of Tokyo, there were 4,183 people aged >35 years in 1995. Subjects (n = 377) with cerebrovascular diseases or other disabilities who were unable to attend the study were excluded. One hundred residents who had been identified as having diabetes by public health nurses and through contacts with outpatient clinics were also excluded. Therefore, the number of residents registered for the study was 3,706. From 1995 to 1997, 2,013 residents attended the study. Among them, 1,685 were enrolled for a genetic analysis for the Trp64Arg variation of the ß₃-adrenergic receptor; the participation rate for this genetic analysis was 45.5%.

This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Yamagata University School of Medicine. Written consent was obtained from the participants. Along with the genetic analysis, the following traits were analyzed: height, body weight, 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, HbA_1c, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, BMI, percent body fat, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and total serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and HDL cholesterol. Percent body fat was assessed based on the principles of bioelectrical impedance (29).

The mean age (± SD) and the sex ratio (female/male) of the study group were 58.7 ± 12.4 and 935/750, respectively. Glucose tolerance was diagnosed according to 1985 World Health Organization criteria (30). The numbers of subjects with normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance, and type 2 diabetes was 1,377, 225, and 83, respectively. Subjects who had a BMI 30 kg/m² were considered obese. The number of obese and nonobese subjects was 64 and 1,621, respectively.

Genetic analysis
Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes by proteinase K and the phenol/chloroform extraction procedure. The genotyping for the Trp64Arg variation of the ß₃-adrenergic receptor was performed by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis as previously described (6). The study population was divided into three groups according to genotypes Trp/Trp (n = 1,155), Trp/Arg (n = 486), and Arg/Arg (n = 44). The mean age and the sex ratio of the groups (Trp/Trp, Trp/Arg, and Arg/Arg) were 58.8 ± 12.7 and 616/539, 58.5 ± 11.8 and 293/193, and 57.7 ± 11.3 and 26/18, respectively. No statistical differences in age or sex ratio were observed among the groups.

Statistic analysis
² Tests were performed for the association studies. Data are given as the means ± SD. The statistical significances of the differences of the trait values between two groups (Trp/Trp versus Trp/Arg or Trp/Trp versus Arg/Arg) were assessed by analysis of variance. The Scheffe’s F test was used for post hoc analysis. Stepwise linear regression analysis with BMI as a covariant was performed to examine the relation between fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and BMI. P < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS References

 
Distribution of genotypes
The distribution of the genotypes defined by the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the ß₃-adrenergic receptor was examined. The frequencies of the Trp and Arg alleles were 83.0 and 17.0%, respectively. The frequencies of genotypes Trp/Trp, Trp/Arg, and Arg/Arg were 68.5, 28.8, and 2.6%, respectively. The genotypes were found to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The frequencies of alleles and genotypes were in concordance with other observations in Japan (7,8,12,14); therefore, our study population seemed to be genetically similar to others reported in Japan but different in regard to sample size.

Association of genotype Arg/Arg, but not Trp/Arg, with obesity and type 2 diabetes
The associations of genotype with obesity and type 2 diabetes are shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. More subjects with genotype Arg/Arg were obese (13.6%) than those with genotypes Trp/Trp (3.29%, P < 0.001) or Trp/Arg (2.06%, P < 0.001) (Table 1). In regard to the frequency of obese subjects, there were no differences between genotypes Trp/Arg and Trp/Trp (P = 0.258). More subjects with genotype Arg/Arg were more likely to have diabetes (13.6%) than those with genotype Trp/Trp (4.16%, P = 0.007) and those with genotype Trp/Arg (5.97%, P = 0.051) (Table 2). No difference was observed in terms of the frequency of diabetic subjects between genotypes Trp/Arg and Trp/Trp (P = 0.168). Genotype Arg/Arg was associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, whereas Trp/Arg was not. We also examined whether genotype Arg/Arg was associated with an early mortality by comparing the frequencies of Arg/Arg between subjects aged <45 and 45 years, <50 and 50 years, <55 and 55 years, <60 and 60 years, and <65 and 65 years. The frequency of genotype Arg/Arg should be lower in the elder group if it is associated with an early mortality. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between any groups in terms of the frequency of the genotype (2.32 vs. 2.67%, P = 0.799; 2.47 vs. 2.63%, P = 0.410; 2.78 vs. 2.51, P = 0.949; 2.77 vs. 2.47, P = 0.814; and 2.67 vs. 2.52, P = 0.748 for subjects aged <45 and 45 years, <50 and 50 years, <55 and 55 years, <60 and 60 years, and <65 and 65 years, respectively).

View larger version (33K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1— The distributions of subjects with each genotype for BMI and FPG levels are shown. These distributions seemed to be divided into two fractions (major and minor fractions). The distributions of the major fractions were normal and are shown as a curve.

	CONCLUSIONS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS References

 
Genotype Arg/Arg, but not Trp/Arg, of the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the ß₃-adrenergic receptor was associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. No single study has ever shown an association of genotype Arg/Arg with type 2 diabetes. This finding indicates that genotype Arg/Arg is a risk factor for obesity and type 2 diabetes and that—if genotype Trp/Arg contributes at all to the pathogenesis of these conditions—the contribution was not detected in our large study sample. To further confirm these findings, we examined the relations of the genotypes to the traits related to obesity and type 2 diabetes. Traits related to insulin resistance, such as hypertension and dyslipidemia, were also examined. Subjects with genotype Arg/Arg, but not Trp/Arg, had higher BMIs and percent body fat than those with genotype Trp/Trp. The traits that differed between genotypes were those related to obesity but not to diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. These results indicate that genotype Arg/Arg is a risk factor for obesity but not for diabetes. Genotype Trp/Arg did not, however, seem to be a risk factor for the conditions examined, or at least it did not seem to be a large enough factor to be significant. These results were somewhat confusing. Genotype Arg/Arg was associated with type 2 diabetes but not related to the traits associated with type 2 diabetes. This discrepancy might be due to the small number of subjects who had increased plasma glucose levels and to the low severity of their diabetes. The number of subjects with type 2 diabetes in the genotype Arg/Arg group was high enough to indicate an association but not high enough to increase the mean values of the plasma glucose levels in the study group. As shown in Fig. 1, most subjects (the major fraction) with genotype Arg/Arg had FPG levels similar to those subjects with other genotypes, and only a small fraction of them (the minor fraction) had higher FPG levels. These facts seemed to affect our results. Altogether, our results indicate that genotype Arg/Arg, but not Trp/Arg, is a risk factor for obesity and type 2 diabetes.

In most studies, the frequencies of genotypes have been compared between a normal (control) group and a study group with conditions such as obesity or type 2 diabetes in order to examine the association of the genotypes with those conditions. However, we chose another method in this study. When the association of some genotype with some condition is examined, the difference in the frequency of occurrence of the condition among genotypes should be examined. However, in most studies on the ß₃-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphism, it is the difference between the genotypes of subjects with the condition under investigation and those in the control group that has been examined. We compared the frequencies of the conditions among genotypes and found that the frequencies of obesity and type 2 diabetes were significantly higher in subjects with genotype Arg/Arg than in those with the other genotypes.

The frequency of genotype Arg/Arg is generally low. Therefore, the number of subjects with this genotype was small in previous studies, and the results reported seemed to be less reliable. In some studies (17,18,21,23), subjects with the genotype were grouped with those with genotype Trp/Arg to make the results more reliable. However, in those cases, the results obtained seemed to be a mixture of the influences of the two genotypes. In this study, we were able to examine the differences between genotypes Arg/Arg and Trp/Arg with confidence because the sample was much larger.

The distributions of BMI and FPG levels in subjects with each genotype were not normal and seemed to fall into two fractions. Nonobese subjects or subjects with FPG levels <110 mg/dl seemed to compose the major fraction. The values in these fractions were not significantly different among genotypes. Subjects who showed higher values for BMI or FPG levels composed the minor fraction. The proportion of the minor fraction was higher for genotype Arg/Arg than for the other genotypes and did not differ between genotypes Trp/Arg and Trp/Trp. The distribution of subjects with genotype Arg/Arg did not simply shift to the higher range. The proportion of the fraction of subjects who had increased BMIs or higher FPG levels increased. Therefore, genotype Arg/Arg seemed to contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes in only a fraction of the population. This indicated that there may have been some other factors that made these subjects sensitive to the genotype. Genotype Arg/Arg may only affect those subjects who have such factors. This study revealed that genotype Arg/Arg, but not Trp/Arg, was a risk factor for obesity and type 2 diabetes in only certain subjects. Therefore, differences in the proportion of these subjects among the study populations might have led to different results in previous reports.

	FOOTNOTES

 
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Makoto Daimon, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan. E-mail: mdaimon{at}med.id.yamagata-u.ac.jp.

Received for publication 8 March 2001 and accepted in revised form 6 June 2001.

A table elsewhere in this issue shows conventional and Système International (SI) units and conversion factors for many substances.

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TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS References

 

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This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Oizumi, T. Articles by Kato, T. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Oizumi, T. Articles by Kato, T. Social Bookmarking                What's this?