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Diabetes Care 27:2739-2740, 2004
© 2004 by the American Diabetes Association, Inc.

Brief Report

Effects of Mixing Glargine and Short-Acting Insulin Analogs on Glucose Control

Walid Kaplan, MD, Luisa M. Rodriguez, MD, O’Brian E. Smith, PHD, Morey W. Haymond, MD and Rubina A. Heptulla, MD

From the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Rubina A. Heptulla, MD, Texas Children’s Hospital, 6621 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030. E-mail: heptulla{at}bcm.tmc.edu

Abbreviations: CGMS, continuous glucose monitoring system • SAI, short-acting insulin analog


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 CONCLUSIONS
 References
 
Intensive insulin management improves glycemic control and lowers the risks of long-term microvascular complications (1). Several new insulin analogs (2) are in use to improve glycemic control in type 1 diabetes. Glargine in particular is a "basal insulin" (3) and found to be relatively peakless. Glargine is thought to provide glucose profiles similar to insulin pumps (4). Although some clinical studies suggest that glargine lasts 24 h in children with diabetes (5), to date there have been no formal pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data to make that claim in the pediatric population. In fact, clinical observations in pediatric type 1 diabetes suggest that glargine action may be <24 h. This would entail twice-daily glargine dosing and short-acting insulin analogs (SAIs), such as lispro and aspart, given separately three to four times per day, resulting in improved glycemic control but compromising compliance and increasing complexity of management (6). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that mixing glargine with SAIs and dividing the dose of glargine into twice- versus once-daily dosing would not adversely affect glycemic control as assessed by a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS).


   RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
TOP
 INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
RESULTS
 CONCLUSIONS
 References
 
The protocol was approved by the institutional review board of the Baylor College of Medicine, and consent was obtained before each study. Subjects were recruited from Texas Children’s Hospital Diabetes Care Center, Houston, Texas. Subjects had type 1 diabetes for at least 1 year with no other chronic illness and were on no additional medications (except for insulin and synthroid for hypothyroidism). All subjects were using insulin glargine as a once- daily injection at bedtime or before supper or breakfast, with three or more injections of SAIs (lispro or insulin aspart) administered with each meal. Subjects had HbA1c <9.0% and BMI <90th percentile for age. Each subject underwent three studies over a 4- to 6-week period.

Baseline study: subjects were studied on their baseline once-daily dose of glargine and three to four separate injections of SAIs that were dosed according to an insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio. After the baseline study, subjects were randomized into one of two groups with a cross-over design. 1) Study separate: baseline dose of glargine divided into prebreakfast and predinner injections and SAI given with lunch. 2) Study mixed: same as study separate except that prebreakfast and predinner glargine and SAI were mixed in one syringe.

Study separate and mixed were implemented for 10 days, and continuous glucose monitoring was done on the final 3 days of each regimen. CGMS readings from the first day of monitoring were analyzed. If interruptions in readings occurred in the first 24-h period (this occurred in two subjects during the basal study), the following 24 h was chosen for analysis. Average 72-h glucose data were also compared.

The subjects were instructed on continuous glucose monitoring, and a CGMS sensor was inserted by study personnel. The subjects continued their normal insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio, sensitivity factor, diet, and exercise. Parents attempted to have consistency of meal times and physical activity throughout the study period. The children were monitored (at baseline and in the final 3 days of study separate and mixed) using the MiniMed CGMS. CGMS calibrations with a glucose meter were performed four times daily. If the blood glucose values were <60 mg/dl for ≥30 min by CGMS or hypoglycemic symptoms were felt, subjects and/or the family completed a hypoglycemia record log and treatment instituted was noted. CGMS data were downloaded and analyzed using CGMS System Solutions Software. The mean blood glucose values 60 min before and 3 h after meal initiation were considered. Subjects were blinded to data.

Statistical analysis
All data are presented as means ± SE. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to determine the effects of treatment, order of treatment, and their interaction. Carry over and order of treatment effects were examined. Significance was considered at P = 0.05 (two-tailed test).


   RESULTS
TOP
 INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
 RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS
 References
 
A total of 14 subjects were recruited, and 1 subject did not comply with study regimens and was not considered in the analysis. Glargine was administered to nine subjects at bedtime, two subjects at dinner, and two subjects in the morning. This study was conducted in real-life conditions and, hence, CGMS was chosen as a tool for measuring glucose excursions. Mixing glargine with lispro and aspart resulted in cloudiness of the mixture. There was no difference in pain or reported adverse reactions to the mixed injections. Thirteen subjects (6 males and 7 females, aged 13.5 ± 0.5 years, BMI 22.4 ± 1.0 kg/m2, HbA1c 7.7 ± 0.2%, and type 1 diabetes duration 44 ± 8 months) were studied.

Figure 1 demonstrates CGMS-derived Q20-min glucose values over a 24-h period. Nocturnal blood glucose (12:00 A.M to 6:00 A.M) analyzed separately from 24-h blood glucose was not statistically different (P < 0.16). On further analysis of nocturnal glucose concentrations, subjects in study mixed spent more time euglycemic than hyper- and hypoglycemic, but this was not statistically significant (Table 1).



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  		Figure 1— Glucose values using a CGMS over a 24-h period. Comparison of the baseline (Base; {blacksquare}), study separate (separate injections of glargine and SAIs [Sep]; {circ}), and study mixed (mixed injections of glargine and SAIs [Mix]; •).

 

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  		Table 1— Time spent in hypo- and hyperglycemic range between 12:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m.

 
Mean 24-h glucose values were 9.3 ± 1.3, 9.3 ± 1.2, and 8.3 ± 1.1 mmol/l (P < 0.6) and mean 72-h glucose values 9.1 ± 0.5, 8.9 ± 0.7, and 8.4 ± 0.5 mmol/l (P < 0.3) for baseline, study separate, and study mixed, respectively. No significant difference was noted in hypoglycemic episodes in a 24-h period (5, 9, and 2%). Furthermore, neither preprandial (8.8 ± 9, 8.3 ± 9, and 8.2 ± 19 mmol/l) nor postprandial (9.6 ± 17, 9.1 ± 17, and 9.0 ± 19 mmol/l) glucose concentrations differed between baseline, study mixed, and study separate, respectively.


   CONCLUSIONS
TOP
 INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 CONCLUSIONS
References
 
This study provides preliminary data that mixing glargine with lispro or aspart insulin in the same syringe and dividing the dose of glargine does not adversely affect glucose concentrations. Lower nocturnal blood glucose concentrations in study mixed versus study separate and basal, although not statistically significant, should alert physicians that the evening dose of lantus may need to be titrated to prevent hypoglycemia. No serious adverse events occurred during the study. Although the mixtures turned cloudy, no complaints of increased pain or injection difficulties were reported. Long-term effects of mixing glargine and SAIs on HbA1c were not assessed in this study.

In conclusion, our data suggest that mixing glargine with SAIs or twice-daily dosing does not affect short-term glycemic profile. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of these regimens.


   Acknowledgments
 
W.K. is supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases award K12DK63691. R.A.H. is a recipient of a K23 DK065059. M.W.H. is supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases RO1 award DK0555478 and the Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine (CRIS) (2533710353). This study was not supported by Aventis Pharmaceuticals or Medtronic MiniMed.


   Footnotes
 
A table elsewhere in this issue shows conventional and Système International (SI) units and conversion factors for many substances.

Received for publication July 2, 2004. Accepted for publication July 30, 2004.


   References
TOP
 INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 CONCLUSIONS
 References
 

  1. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group: The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 329:977–986, 1993[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  2. Reynolds LR, Karounos DG: Emerging technology in diabetes mellitus: glucose monitoring and new insulins. South Med J 95:914–918, 2002[Medline]
  3. Abbott MB, Levin RH: What’s new: newly approved drugs for children. Pediatr Rev 22:357–359, 2001[Free Full Text]
  4. Lepore M, Pampanelli S, Fanelli C, Porcellati F, Bartocci L, Di Vincenzo A, Cordoni C, Costa E, Brunetti P, Bolli GB: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneous injection of long-acting human insulin analog glargine, NPH insulin, and ultralente human insulin and continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin lispro. Diabetes 49:2142–2148, 2000[Abstract]
  5. Murphy NP, Keane SM, Ong KK, Ford-Adams M, Edge JA, Acerini CL, Dunger DB: Randomized cross-over trial of insulin glargine plus lispro or NPH insulin plus regular human insulin in adolescents with type 1 diabetes on intensive insulin regimens. Diabetes Care 26:799–804, 2003[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Martin D, Licha-Muntz G, Grasset E, Greneche MO, Nouet D, Francois L, Legrand C, Polak M, Augendre-Ferrante B, Tubiana-Rufi N, Robert JJ: Efficacy of Humalog injections before an afternoon meal and their acceptance by children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 19:1026–1031, 2002[Medline]

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[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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