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Diabetes Care 28:595-599, 2005
© 2005 by the American Diabetes Association, Inc.

Epidemiology/Health Services/Psychosocial Research
Original Article

Adherence to Statin Therapy and LDL Cholesterol Goal Attainment by Patients With Diabetes and Dyslipidemia

Elizabeth S. Parris, RD, CDE, David B. Lawrence, PHARMD, BCPS, Lisa A. Mohn, MPH and Laura B. Long, MD, MPH

From Pfizer, Clinical Education Consultants, Atlanta, Georgia

Address correspondence and reprint requests to David B. Lawrence, PharmD, BCPS, Pfizer, Clinical Education Consultants, 400 Perimeter Center Terrace, Suite 1000, Atlanta, GA 30346. E-mail: Bart.Lawrence{at}pfizer.com


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 CONCLUSIONS
 References
 
OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between adherence to statin therapy and LDL cholesterol goal achievement in patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The records of patients being medically treated for dyslipidemia in a managed care diabetes program from January 2001 to December 2002 were used to assess LDL cholesterol goal attainment (<100 mg/dl) and to compute a 9-month medication possession ratio (percentage of days when medication was available [MPR], beginning with the first prescription in the database).

RESULTS—A total of 653 patient records was analyzed. The average MPR was significantly higher for men than for women (0.75 vs. 0.66, P < 0.05). Overall, 44% (n = 290) of the patients achieved an LDL cholesterol level <100 mg/dl (52% of men and 37% of women, P < 0.05). A significant correlation emerged between MPR and plasma LDL cholesterol (P < 0.001), and MPR was significantly higher in patients who achieved the LDL cholesterol target than in those who did not (0.82 vs. 0.61, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS— Although statins are highly effective for decreasing LDL cholesterol levels in patients with dyslipidemia, including those with diabetes, failure to reach LDL cholesterol targets remains common. Adherence to statin therapy, as reflected by MPR, is closely related to LDL cholesterol goal attainment in patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia. The probability of goal achievement appears to increase substantially when the MPR is >0.80. Pharmacy records can be used to identify patients who are poorly compliant with statin therapy and at high risk for failure to attain LDL cholesterol goals. Because outcomes are directly related to patients’ medication-taking behavior, when clinical goals (such as serum cholesterol levels) are not being reached, adherence should be the first item assessed by the clinician.

Abbreviations: CHD, coronary heart disease • MPR, percentage of days when medication was available • NCEP ATPIII, Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 CONCLUSIONS
 References
 
More than 16 million people in the U.S. have type 1 or type 2 diabetes (1) and, as a result, are at significantly increased risk for cardiovascular disease, including coronary heart disease (CHD) (2,3). The frequent coexistence of diabetes and hypercholesterolemia further raises the risk for CHD and its associated morbidity (4). In fact, according to the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP ATPIII), the presence of diabetes produces a risk for coronary events equivalent to that of a history of CHD (5).

Lipid-lowering therapy, particularly with hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), is well known to reduce cardiovascular risk across a wide range of patients (6,7), including those with CHD and diabetes or impaired fasting glucose values, as shown in a sub-analysis of results from the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (8). The Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial–Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA) and the GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Evaluation (GREACE) also demonstrated a decreased risk for CHD and related clinical events in patients with diabetes (9,10).

Despite the common occurrence of dyslipidemia in patients with diabetes, the consequent high risk for CHD, and well-publicized treatment guidelines, elevated cholesterol levels remain undertreated in this population. In one evaluation of data from a managed care organization, only 15.8% of 6,586 patients achieved their LDL cholesterol goal of <100 mg/dl (11).

The failure to achieve goals for dyslipidemia can be laid at many doors, including a lack of follow-up and improper titration of the starting statin dose (11–14), but perhaps most important is poor adherence to treatment, even by patients at high cardiovascular risk. In an analysis involving 34,501 elderly patients (23.5% with diabetes), the proportion of days covered by treatment was 79% during the first 3 months; thereafter, adherence fell dramatically to 56% after 6 months and to 42% after 120 months (12). Moreover, poor adherence to statin therapy cuts across different degrees of cardiovascular risk. Two-year adherence was 40.1% by patients prescribed a statin after an acute coronary event, 36.1% by patients with CHD, and 25.4% in patients being treated for primary prevention (15).

This study evaluated the prevalence of nonadherence to statin therapy among patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia and determined the relationship between adherence and attainment of LDL cholesterol goals. An assessment of this kind is a necessary first step for the development of interventions to improve adherence to statin therapy and thus reduce cardiovascular risk.


   RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
RESULTS
 CONCLUSIONS
 References
 
This study used information from the ~6,000 patients enrolled in the diabetes disease management program of a 188,000-member independent practice association model HMO. All statins prescribed were identified from the pharmacy claims database for the 2 years between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2002. All LDL cholesterol measurements available from these patients over the same period were also included.

Patients without a LDL laboratory value or whose most recent LDL cholesterol measurement was before or within 30 days after the first statin prescription in the database were excluded. The remaining records were used to compute a 9-month MPR, defined as the percentage of days when medication was available, beginning with the first prescription in the database. Adherence calculations were performed with Standardized Therapy Adherence Research Tool (START, Pfizer, New York, NY) software (16). Patients were also excluded if they were first prescribed a statin after 31 March 2002 (to have a complete 9 months of therapy available for analysis). The LDL cholesterol goal for all patients was <100 mg/dl, as specified by NCEP ATPIII (5).

Student’s t tests, {chi}2 tests, and calculation of linear correlation coefficients and 95% CIs were used to evaluate results. A P value <0.05 was required for statistical significance in all analyses.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
 RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS
 References
 
Among the 653 patients whose records met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed, men had a significantly higher average MPR than women (Table 1). Overall, 44% (n = 290) of patients achieved their LDL cholesterol goal. Once again, the rate of achievement was higher among men.


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  		Table 1— Demographic characteristics, MPR, and LDL cholesterol goal attainment

 
MPR and LDL cholesterol goal attainment
As the MPR increased, the LDL cholesterol level declined (Fig. 1). A Pearson correlation showed a significant positive association between MPR and LDL (r = –0.393, P < 0.001).



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  		Figure 1— Relationship between MPR range and mean LDL cholesterol level.

 
In this study, the probability of achieving the LDL cholesterol goal rose progressively with MPR (Fig. 2). The mean MPR for the 290 patients who reached their LDL cholesterol target (0.82 ± 0.25 [95% CI 0.79–0.85]) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that (0.61 ± 0.30 [0.58–0.64]) for the 363 patients who were not at the goal by study end. Further, patients whose MPR was >0.8 had a 56–78% chance of therapeutic success; this probability decreased to 20–42% when the MPR was <0.8.



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  		Figure 2— Relationship between MPR range and LDL cholesterol goal attainment (<100 mg/dl).

 
The choice of a statin appeared to have an influence on the LDL cholesterol level but not on the MPR (Table 2). Atorvastatin, the most frequently prescribed statin in this database (n = 470), produced a mean LDL cholesterol level of 109.07 mg/dl, the lowest level save for 108 mg/dl achieved with lovastatin, which was taken by only two patients. Other mean LDL cholesterol levels ranged from 113.26 mg/dl with simvastatin to 125.05 mg/dl with fluvastatin.


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  		Table 2— LDL cholesterol MPR values for different statins used

 

   CONCLUSIONS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 CONCLUSIONS
References
 
Medical care for the patient with diabetes, especially medication regimens, has become more complex over time, producing a barrier to achieving evidence-based goals of treatment. The number of primary care visits that include the use of oral hypoglycemic, antihypertensive, and lipid-lowering medications in the same patient has significantly increased over the past decade (17). Such polypharmacy is a growing barrier to proper medication adherence and the attainment of treatment goals for all conditions being managed. Increasingly stringent and complicated lipid treatment goals (18,19) and the limited amount of time available during office and clinic visits to discuss the multiple aspects of this care (17) are other significant factors that currently contribute to the low implementation of published guidelines for managing dyslipidemia in diabetic patients. The consequences of poor adherence in the diabetic population are becoming clearer. A recent evaluation showed that an oral hypoglycemic medication MPR of <80% correlated with an increased risk of hospitalization in the following year (22).

Our study using a diabetes disease management database demonstrates that adherence to statin therapy by patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia is an important determinant of LDL cholesterol reduction and goal attainment. Highlighting the relationship between MPR and LDL cholesterol goal attainment was a marked rise in the probability of successful treatment when the MPR was >0.80. Based on these findings, we have taken steps within our disease management program to have case managers assess medication adherence and potential barriers when clinical goals are not being reached. The barriers now monitored and addressed include patient knowledge and perception of therapy benefit (26,29).

The relationship between adherence to therapy and LDL cholesterol levels achieved in this study is consistent with findings from other recent reports. Among 207 consecutive patients with CHD and dyslipidemia, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels were lower and HDL cholesterol levels higher in compliant than in noncompliant patients treated with statins (20).

Poor adherence to statin therapy and failure to achieve LDL cholesterol goals amplify the significant morbidity and mortality already present in patients with dyslipidemia. In one evaluation of 5,590 patients who had an incident myocardial infarction and at least one additional attack, the risks for recurrence and mortality were lower in patients who adhered to statin therapy than in those who did not (23). The proven effectiveness of statins in bringing adherent patients to the LDL cholesterol goal suggests that nonadherence should be strongly suspected when goals are not achieved and that barriers to adherence should be immediately investigated. Among the potential obstacles to adherence are nonwhite race, low income, old age, psychiatric illness (depression, dementia), the occurrence of CHD events during therapy, smoking, comorbid hypertension, and substance abuse, although these have been determined to be inconsistently correlated with adherence (12,24,25). One of the limitations of our study, it should be pointed out, was the absence of more detailed demographic information, which may or may not have provided greater insight into why poor adherence occurred; however, our goal was focused on the relationship between adherence and goal attainment in this population.

The 44% of patients who reached their LDL cholesterol goal in the present analysis is somewhat higher than that reported in previous surveys. Overall, only 38% of patients achieved NCEP ATPIII–specified LDL cholesterol target levels in the Lipid Treatment Assessment Project (L-TAP)—68% of low-risk patients, 37% of high-risk patients, and only 18% of patients with CHD (21). In an analysis of 6,586 patients with diabetes who were members of a single managed care organization, only 15.8% demonstrated LDL cholesterol levels <100 mg/dl (11). The present results must be compared cautiously with those from other studies because of the relatively short (9-month) period in this evaluation and the known decline in adherence to statin therapy over time (12). Possible explanations for the higher LDL goal attainment may include the impact of the disease management program and differences in adherence rates.

Looking forward, attempts to enhance adherence will require a multifaceted, comprehensive, and empathetic approach (25,26). Central to any such efforts are education about the importance of controlling dyslipidemia, clear instructions on dosing, continued interaction between patient and health care professionals, implementation of strategies to overcome high drug costs, adverse effect evaluation and management, and integration of statins with other medications, including use of a daily pill organizer (27). The mutual establishment of clinical goals between the health care provider and the patient, along with frequent follow-up on these goals, are also important for improving adherence (28). We also believe that a stronger message about the benefits of medicine is needed and should be incorporated into patient counseling, because patients who believe in the necessity of a particular medication are more likely to be adherent (29). For example, the patient perception that statins primarily "lower cholesterol" should be replaced with an emphasis on the "prevention of heart attack and stroke."

Adherence to statin therapy, as reflected by the MPR, is closely related to LDL cholesterol goal attainment by patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia, with the probability of success appearing to increase substantially when the MPR is >0.80. In this database, adherence to therapy and goal achievement is higher among men than among women. This study also demonstrates the usefulness of pharmacy records in identifying patients at increased risk of failure to attain LDL cholesterol goals with statins (by calculation of the MPR). Because outcomes are directly related to patients’ medication-taking behavior, adherence should be the first item assessed when clinical goals (such as serum cholesterol levels) are not being reached.


   Footnotes
 
A table elsewhere in this issue shows conventional and Système International (SI) units and conversion factors for many substances.

Received for publication July 30, 2004. Accepted for publication November 16, 2004.


   References
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 CONCLUSIONS
 References
 

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