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Diabetes Care 29:2721-2722, 2006
DOI: 10.2337/dc06-1424
© 2006 by the American Diabetes Association
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Clinical Care/Education/Nutrition
Brief Report

Protein Hydrolysate/Leucine Co-Ingestion Reduces the Prevalence of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Ralph J.F. Manders, MSC1, Stephan F.E. Praet, MD2, Ruth C.R. Meex, MSC1, René Koopman, PHD1, André L. de Roos, PHD3, Anton J.M. Wagenmakers, PHD4, Wim H.M. Saris, MD, PHD1 and Luc J.C. van Loon, PHD1,2

1 Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
2 Department of Movement Sciences, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
3 Food Technology Department, DSM Food Specialties, Delft, the Netherlands
4 School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Ralph J.F. Manders, MSc, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands. E-mail: r.manders{at}hb.unimaas.nl

Abbreviations: CGMS, continuous glucose monitoring system • SMBG, self-monitoring blood glucose


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--
 RESULTS--
 CONCLUSIONS--
 References
 
Epidemiological surveys and preliminary intervention studies have shown that postprandial hyperglycemia is a direct and independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes (1–4). Moreover, it has been reported that postprandial spikes in blood glucose concentration are even more relevant to the onset of cardiovascular complications than merely elevated fasting blood glucose levels (5–7).

Protein hydrolysate/leucine coingestion could represent an effective nutritional intervention to stimulate postprandial insulin secretion, augment postprandial blood glucose disposal, and improve blood glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetic patients (8–10). Though promising, the clinical relevance and applicability of such a nutritional intervention remains to be established.

In the present study, we applied continuous glucose monitoring to assess the impact of protein hydrolysate/leucine coingestion with each main meal as a nutritional intervention strategy to improve daily glycemic control in long-standing type 2 diabetic patients.


   RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—
TOP
 INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--
RESULTS--
 CONCLUSIONS--
 References
 
Eleven long-standing type 2 diabetic patients (aged 58 ± 1 years, BMI 28 ± 1 kg/m2, HbA1c 7.4 ± 0.3%) and 11 matched healthy control subjects (aged 59 ± 2 years, BMI 28 ± 1 kg/m2, HbA1c 5.5 ± 0.1%) participated in this study. All subjects were screened for type 2 diabetes according to American Diabetes Association guidelines (11). Type 2 diabetic patients had been diagnosed for 8 ± 1 years and were using metformin with (n = 8) or without (n = 3) a sulfonylurea derivative. Blood glucose–lowering medication was continued throughout the experimental trials. Subjects maintained normal dietary and physical activity patterns but refrained from exhaustive physical labor and exercise training for 3 days before each trial.

Each subject participated in a crossover study with two trials during which blood glucose concentrations were recorded for 40 h under free-living conditions using a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) (GlucoDayS; A. Menarini Diagnostics, Firenze, Italy) (12). Subjects received three beverages containing a protein hydrolysate/leucine mixture or a placebo beverage. Prepacked beverages were consumed directly after each main meal. All meals, snacks, and beverages were provided in preweighed packages and were ingested at predetermined time points to ensure fully standardized dietary modulation during both trials. The standardized diet provided 121 kJ · kg–1 · day–1 (64% carbohydrate, 25% fat, and 11% protein). Beverages contained 4 ml/kg water (PLA) or water containing 0.3 g/kg casein protein hydrolysate and 0.1 g/kg leucine (PRO). Both trials were performed in a randomized and double-blind manner.

The acquired data were downloaded from the CGMS onto a personal computer with GlucoDay software (version 3.0.5). Values reported by the CGMS were converted into glucose values using self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) values. To quantify and compare the prevalence of hyperglycemia between groups and trials, the amount of time during which glucose concentrations were >10 mmol/l was calculated. A multiway ANOVA or a Student’s t test for paired or unpaired observations were applied where applicable. All data are expressed as means ± SE and significance was set at P = 0.05.


   RESULTS—
TOP
 INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--
 RESULTS--
CONCLUSIONS--
 References
 
Total 24-h glucose concentrations were higher in the diabetic group versus the control subjects group (10.2 ± 0.4 vs. 6.2 ± 0.6 mmol/l, respectively, P < 0.01). In the diabetic patients, 24-h glucose concentrations in the PRO trial were significantly lower compared with the PLA trial (9.6 ± 0.6 vs. 10.8 ± 0.5 mmol/l, respectively, P < 0.05) (Fig. 1). PRO ingestion resulted in a 11 ± 3% decline in the overall glucose response in the diabetic patients (P < 0.05). In the control subjects, differences between trials did not reach statistical significance (6.2 ± 0.4 vs. 6.3 ± 0.2 mmol/l).


Figure 1
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  		Figure 1— Mean blood glucose patterns over a 24-h period while using a standardized diet with (open symbols) or without (filled symbols) co-ingestion of a protein hydrolysate/leucine mixture with each main meal in long-standing type 2 diabetic patients ({square}/{blacksquare}, n = 11) and healthy matched control subjects ({circ}/•, n = 11). Vertical dashed lines indicate time of breakfast (0730), lunch (1230), and dinner (1830), respectively. Vertical solid lines indicate between-meal snacks.

 
Despite a healthy standardized diet and the continued use of oral blood glucose–lowering medication, hyperglycemia (>10 mmol/l) was prevalent during 55 ± 7% of the 24-h period in the diabetic patients in the PLA trial. In the control group, hyperglycemia was hardly present (2 ± 1% or 25' ± 15' min). In the diabetic patients, the prevalence of hyperglycemia was significantly lower in the PRO versus PLA trial (39 ± 6 vs. 55 ± 7%, respectively, P < 0.05). The latter represented a 26 ± 9% reduction in the prevalence of hyperglycemia from 1318' ± 0140' in the PLA trial to 0942' ± 0154' in the PRO trial (P < 0.05).


   CONCLUSIONS—
TOP
 INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--
 RESULTS--
 CONCLUSIONS--
References
 
The prevalence of elevated postprandial glucose excursions in type 2 diabetic patients imposes a direct and independent risk for the development of cardiovascular complications (6,7,13). In accordance, both the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (1) and the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study (2–4) report that improving glycemic control effectively reduces the risk of developing micro- and macrovascular complications and cardiovascular disease.

The present study shows that long-standing type 2 diabetic patients who receive standard primary medical care experience hyperglycemia throughout the greater part of the day. Co-ingestion of a protein hydrolysate/leucine mixture following each main meal substantially reduces the prevalence of hyperglycemia in these patients. This is accompanied by a significant reduction in average 24-h blood glucose concentration. Although the use of continuous glucose monitoring devices in an applied setting does not allow for concomitant insulin measurements, numerous other studies (8–10,14,15) have repeatedly shown that protein hydrolysate/amino acid co-ingestion stimulates insulin secretion, resulting in improved glucose disposal and reduced postprandial glucose concentrations.

These data extend on previous findings and provide evidence that protein hydrolysate/leucine co-ingestion represents an effective dietary strategy to improve daily blood glucose homeostasis under free-living conditions in long-standing type 2 diabetic patients.


   Acknowledgments
 
This study was supported by a grant from DSM Food Specialties (Delft, the Netherlands).

We thank A. Menarini Diagnostics BENELUX and Hanneke van Milligen for her technical assistance.

This study was presented at the American Diabetes Association 66th Scientific Sessions in Washington DC, 9–13 June 2006.


   Footnotes
 
A table elsewhere in this issue shows conventional and Système International (SI) units and conversion factors for many substances.

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Received for publication July 7, 2006. Accepted for publication August 29, 2006.


   References
TOP
 INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--
 RESULTS--
 CONCLUSIONS--
 References
 

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