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DOI: 10.2337/dc06-1134
© 2006 by the American Diabetes Association
Emerging Treatments and Technologies |
Improved Glycemic Control in Poorly Controlled Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Using Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring
1 Children’s Hospital Charité, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
2 Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
3 Sud-Francilien Hospital, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
4 University Children’s Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia
5 Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Hospital, Milan, Italy
6 Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
7 Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, U.K.
8 Schneider Children Centre, Petah-Tikva, Israel
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Prof. Jan Bolinder, Department of Medicine, M54, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: jan.bolinder{at}ki.se
Abbreviations: CGM, continuous glucose monitoring • SMBG, self-monitoring of blood glucose.
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INTRODUCTION |
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 TOP INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--RESULTS--CONCLUSIONS--References |
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Intensive self-management with frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is important in type 1 diabetes to achieve good metabolic control (1–3). Nevertheless, many patients still experience episodes of unrecognized hypo- and hyperglycemia (4). Novel technologies for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) that provide information about glucose excursions are now available. Previous studies reported the benefits of retrospective evaluation of CGM data (5–11), but few assessed effects on glycemic control (5,12–14), and only one showed improvements compared with SMBG (14). We evaluated the effect of a new real-time glucose monitor on glycemic control in patients with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes. The device, Guardian RT (Medtronic MiniMed, Northridge, CA), allows users to see glucose readings and set hypo- and hyperglycemic alarms and provides trend information on changing glucose values.
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RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— |
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TOPINTRODUCTIONRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--RESULTS--CONCLUSIONS--References |
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The study included 81 children (median age 14.4 years [range 8.0–18.9]) and 81 adults (age 39.1 years [19.0–59.5]) with stable type 1 diabetes. All had adhered to intensified insulin treatment (continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, n = 78; multiple daily injection, n = 84) but had HbA1c (A1C) levels
8.1%. Informed consent was obtained from patients regularly attending the eight participating centers. Subjects were randomly assigned 1:1:1 for 3 months to Guardian RT continuously (arm 1) or biweekly for 3-day periods every 2 weeks (arm 2) or to continue conventional SMBG (control). Treatment adjustments made by physicians and patients were based on SMBG profiles in control subjects and on real-time glucose profiles in arms 1 and 2. Patients were instructed to perform confirmatory SMBG measurements before therapeutical interventions or corrective action if hypo- or hyperglycemic alarms or symptoms occurred. A1C was measured centrally after 1 and 3 months.
The Guardian RT continuously displays real-time interstitial glucose values and is calibrated prospectively using SMBG reference values. High/low alert thresholds were set at 50–80 mg/dl for hypoglycemia and 170–250 mg/dl for hyperglycemia with the upper alarm lowering to 200 mg/dl after the first 10 days. Settings could be readjusted during the study.
A repeated-measures ANOVA model was used to analyze changes from baseline across groups and visits (PROC MIXED using SAS, version 9.1). Fisher’s least significant differences test was used to assess statistical significance (P 
0.05) between groups. Data were analyzed by intention-to-treat approach using last value carried forward for missing end points and adjusted for age-group (< or 19 years) as patients were randomized within age-groups.
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RESULTS— |
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TOPINTRODUCTIONRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--RESULTS--CONCLUSIONS--References |
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In total, 156 patients completed the evaluation. One discontinued before the start of intervention. Four discontinued arm 1, and one discontinued arm 2 due to difficulties with continuous sensor use and/or alarms.
Baseline values in arms 1 and 2 and the control arm for A1C were (means ± SD) 9.5 ± 1.1, 9.6 ± 1.2, and 9.7 ± 1.3%, respectively. Real-time CGM was associated with reductions from baseline in A1C in arm 1 versus control (Fig. 1) at 1 month (0.6 ± 0.8 vs. 0.2 ± 0.8%, P = 0.008) and 3 months (1.0 ± 1.1 vs. 0.4 ± 1.0%, P = 0.003). In arm 2 (1 month 0.4 ± 0.9%, 3 months 0.7 ± 1.3%), there was no difference versus control or arm 1. At 3 months, 50% of the patients in arm 1 had A1C reductions 1% (37% in arm 2 and 15% in control arm) and 26% had reductions 2% (9% in arm 2 and 4% in control arm).
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, biweekly group (arm 2); 
, control group.Average baseline SMBG per day were 4.6 ± 1.4, 5.0 ± 1.5, and 5.1 ± 1.8, respectively. A mean reduction in SMBG per day from baseline was observed at 1 and 3 months in arm 1 (0.9 ± 1.8 and 1.4 ± 1.7, respectively) but was not statistically significant compared with arm 2 (0.5 ± 1.9 and 0.4 ± 2.1) or control subjects (0.5 ± 1.5 and 0.7 ± 1.8).
At 3 months, average total insulin dose per day was not significantly different from baseline in the three arms (about 0.8 units · kg–1 · day–1). Almost all patients (82% at 1 month and 95% at 3 months) in arms 1 and 2 reported making insulin, dietary, or lifestyle adjustments using the real-time information.
Severe hypoglycemia occurred once each in arms 1 and 2. The patient in arm 2 was not wearing the device at the time. The event during real-time CGM occurred despite a confirmatory low SMBG value and corrective carbohydrate intake.
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CONCLUSIONS— |
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TOPINTRODUCTIONRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--RESULTS--CONCLUSIONS--References |
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This is the first randomized controlled trial to demonstrate a clinically meaningful reduction in A1C using real-time CGM in type 1 diabetic patients. One previous study (15) showed real-time CGM decreased time spent in hypo- and hyperglycemia but was too short (9 days) to assess A1C. Another controlled trial used real-time CGM for 1–2 days/week over 6 months and found no improvement in overall metabolic control (16). In the present study, real-time CGM gradually improved glycemic control over 3 months, resulting in a reduction in A1C by at least 1% in half the patients and at least 2% in one-quarter. This was achieved in a broad population of children and adults with type 1 diabetes and in a setting translatable into current clinical practice. Study patients had poor metabolic control, despite intensive insulin treatment and frequent SMBG. These patients are the main target group for improving glycemic control (17). Notably, the control subjects performed, on average, more than five SMBG per day at baseline, consistent with acknowledged recommendations (18) and with no significant within-group decrease throughout the trial. In addition, a within-group reduction in SMBG frequency was observed in arm 1, possibly because the patients became more confident at interpreting the real-time glucose readings and trend information.
In this study, the patients did not register specific information about their self-management of diabetes therapy on a daily basis. Therefore, we cannot delineate in detail the link between the use of real-time CGM and the improvement in glycemic control. However, despite no overall change in total daily dose of insulin, almost all patients using real-time CGM reported making treatment adjustments and/or changes to their lifestyle and food intake. Thus, intermittent corrective adjustments of insulin administration, such as the number of boluses or the basal-to–total dose ratio, and food intake adjustments based on the real-time glucose display and alarm functions may have been carried out on an individual basis. Evidently, further investigations are needed to better define treatment guidelines when using real-time CGM to optimize the improvement in glycemic control observed in this study. Moreover, other aspects of this new technique, such as long-term efficacy, clinical feasibility in patients with more satisfactory glycemic control, and effect on the incidence of hypoglycemia, need to be investigated. Our findings strongly indicate that the use of real-time CGM has considerable potential for the management of patients with diabetes.
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was sponsored by Medtronic Europe Sàrl, Tolochenaz, Switzerland.
The authors thank the GuardControl Study coinvestigators and staff: Dr. O. Kordonouri, Dr. J. Hoeffe, and R. Hartmann, Germany; R. Nimri, H. Benzaquen, and R. Ofan, Israel; I. Bredenberg and M. Pihl, Sweden; Dr. G. Charpentier and Dr. D. Dardari, France; Dr. N. Ursic-Bratina and M. Avbelj, Slovenia; Dr. G. Galimberti, Dr. A. Laurenzi, and Dr. E. Meneghini, Italy; Prof. P. Czernichow, F. Thourer, and CIC nurses, France; M. Weiss and J. Ryder, U.K.; and Severine Liabat for her outstanding assistance to this project.
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Footnotes |
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D.D., J.B., and N.T.-R. have received travel expenses from Medtronic. J.-P.R. has received honoraria and travel grants from Medtronic. T.B. has received consulting fees and honoraria from Medtronic and Abbott. D.K. has received honoraria from and served on advisory boards for Medtronic, Roche, and LifeScan. M.P. has served on advisory boards for Medtronic, Abbott, and D-Medical.
A table elsewhere in this issue shows conventional and Système International (SI) units and conversion factors for many substances.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Received for publication June 2, 2006. Accepted for publication September 1, 2006.
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References |
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TOPINTRODUCTIONRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--RESULTS--CONCLUSIONS--References |
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