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Published online March 12, 2007
Diabetes Care 30:1487-1493, 2007
DOI: 10.2337/dc06-2375
© 2007 by the American Diabetes Association
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Emerging Treatments and Technologies
Original Article

Effects of Once-Weekly Dosing of a Long-Acting Release Formulation of Exenatide on Glucose Control and Body Weight in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes

Dennis Kim, MD1, Leigh MacConell, PHD1, Dongliang Zhuang, PHD1, Prajakti A. Kothare, PHD2, Michael Trautmann, MD3, Mark Fineman, MS1 and Kristin Taylor, PHD1

1 Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California
2 Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
3 Eli Lilly and Company, Hamburg, Germany

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dennis Kim, MD, Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9360 Towne Centre Dr., Suite 110, San Diego, CA 92121. E-mail: dkim{at}amylin.com


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--
 RESULTS
 CONCLUSIONS--
 References
 
OBJECTIVE—In patients with type 2 diabetes, exenatide reduces A1C, postprandial and fasting glucose, and weight. In this study we investigated the effects of continuous exenatide administration from a long-acting release (LAR) formulation.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In this randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 study, exenatide LAR (0.8 or 2.0 mg) was administered subcutaneously once weekly for 15 weeks to subjects with type 2 diabetes (n = 45) suboptimally controlled with metformin (60%) and/or diet and exercise (40%): 40% female, A1C (mean ± SD) 8.5 ± 1.2%, fasting plasma glucose 9.9 ± 2.3 mmol/l, weight 106 ± 20 kg, and diabetes duration 5 ± 4 years.

RESULTS—From baseline to week 15, exenatide LAR reduced mean ± SE A1C by –1.4 ± 0.3% (0.8 mg) and –1.7 ± 0.3% (2.0 mg), compared with +0.4 ± 0.3% with placebo LAR (P < 0.0001 for both). A1C of ≤7% was achieved by 36 and 86% of subjects receiving 0.8 and 2.0 mg exenatide LAR, respectively, compared with 0% of subjects receiving placebo LAR. Fasting plasma glucose was reduced by –2.4 ± 0.9 mmol/l (0.8 mg) and –2.2 ± 0.5 mmol/l (2.0 mg) compared with +1.0 ± 0.7 mmol/l with placebo LAR (P < 0.001 for both). Exenatide LAR reduced self-monitored postprandial hyperglycemia. Subjects receiving 2.0 mg exenatide LAR had body weight reductions (–3.8 ± 1.4 kg) (P < 0.05), whereas body weight was unchanged with both placebo LAR and the 0.8-mg dose. Mild nausea was the most frequent adverse event. No subjects treated with exenatide LAR withdrew from the study.

CONCLUSIONS—Exenatide LAR offers the potential of 24-h glycemic control and weight reduction with a novel once-weekly treatment for type 2 diabetes.

Abbreviations: BID, twice daily • GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1 • ITT, intention to treat • LAR, long-acting release


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--
 RESULTS
 CONCLUSIONS--
 References
 
In the U.S., diabetes affects >21 million people, with combined direct and indirect costs of $132 billion annually (1). Treatment of this chronic, progressive disease often requires daily blood glucose monitoring and multiagent treatment regimens. However, despite the many medications available, the majority of people with type 2 diabetes are unable to maintain long-term glycemic control (2). The high prevalence of obesity in this population compounds this problem, as obesity is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes and worsens hyperglycemia and insulin resistance (3,4). Furthermore, use of many antihyperglycemic medications is associated with weight gain (5).

Incretin hormones, intestinally derived hormones that stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion in response to food intake, play an important role in glucose homeostasis (6). Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone with multiple glucoregulatory actions, including enhancement of glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppression of inappropriately elevated glucagon secretion, slowing of gastric emptying, and reduction of food intake and body weight (6–9). Postprandial secretion of GLP-1 is reduced in patients with type 2 diabetes (10), suggesting that the GLP-1 signaling pathway is an attractive therapeutic target. However, GLP-1 is rapidly degraded by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-IV and has a relatively short half-life (~2 min) (6). The therapeutic potential of the GLP-1 pathway has led to the development of a class of compounds called incretin mimetics that share several glucoregulatory actions with GLP-1 but are resistant to dipeptidyl peptidase-IV degradation.

Exenatide, with a half-life of 2.4 h and clinical effects lasting up to 8 h, is the first clinically available incretin mimetic (10–16). Compared with GLP-1 in preclinical studies, exenatide has a 20- to 30-fold longer half-life and 5,500-fold greater potency in lowering plasma glucose (7,17). In placebo-controlled clinical trials in patients not achieving adequate glycemic control with metformin, a sulfonylurea, or a combination of both, 30 weeks of 10 µg subcutaneous exenatide twice daily (BID) resulted in statistically significant reductions in mean A1C, body weight, fasting plasma glucose, and postprandial plasma glucose excursions (18–20). Patients who continued in open-label extension studies for a total of 1.5 years (82 weeks) of BID exenatide treatment had sustained A1C reductions and progressive body weight reductions (21). In open-label comparator trials with insulin glargine or 70/30 insulin aspart, exenatide treatment resulted in A1C reductions that were similar to those with insulin but with better postprandial glucose control and body weight reduction instead of weight gain (22,23). Mild-to-moderate nausea, which decreased over time, was the most common adverse event associated with exenatide in all of these trials.

A long-acting release (LAR) exenatide formulation for subcutaneous injection in patients with type 2 diabetes is under development to determine whether superior glycemic control can be achieved when exenatide is continuously present, compared with BID exenatide, which may not provide complete coverage after midday meals and overnight. In this report, we describe the effects of once-weekly subcutaneous administration of exenatide LAR for 15 weeks on glycemic parameters, weight, pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability in patients with type 2 diabetes.


   RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--
RESULTS
 CONCLUSIONS--
 References
 
Subjects enrolled in this study were 18–75 years of age, had type 2 diabetes treated for at least 3 months before screening with diet modification with exercise (i.e., taking no antidiabetes agent) and/or metformin, A1C of 7.1–11.0%, fasting plasma glucose <14.4 mmol/l, and BMI 25–45 kg/m2. All of the subjects treated with metformin (total daily dose ranging from 500 to 2,550 mg) continued to receive the same dose throughout the study, with the exception of a subject in the 2.0 mg exenatide LAR arm who discontinued metformin and added insulin lispro and insulin glargine to her regimen 6 weeks after the last dose of study medication. Another change in antidiabetes treatment occurred when, after 9 weeks of placebo LAR, a subject initiated treatment with glimepiride (this subject subsequently withdrew from the study because of loss of glucose control). Subjects who had previously received exenatide treatment in a clinical trial were excluded from the study. Additionally, no subjects were treated with exenatide during the trial. A common clinical protocol was approved for each site by an institutional review board. All subjects provided written informed consent before participation, and the study was conducted in accordance with the principles described in the Declaration of Helsinki, including all amendments through the 1996 South Africa revision (24).

In this multicenter subject- and investigator-blinded phase 2 study, subjects (n = 45) were equally randomized to placebo LAR or 0.8 or 2.0 mg exenatide LAR. Blinded, randomized study medication kits with unique package numbers were prepared separately and shipped to each clinical site. The study-site pharmacist contacted an interactive voice response system to randomly assign subjects to a treatment group and find out which medication kit to dispense to each subject. Doses were targeted to result in concentrations previously found to be therapeutic with exenatide BID. Subjects underwent a 3-day lead-in of 5 µg exenatide or placebo subcutaneous BID to determine whether any subjects randomly assigned to exenatide LAR had an acute exenatide sensitivity. Then, once-weekly subcutaneous injections of 0.8 or 2.0 mg exenatide LAR or placebo LAR were administered at the study sites by study personnel for 15 weeks, with no changes in preexisting antidiabetes regimens. Subjects were monitored for adverse events and pharmacokinetics during a subsequent 12-week follow-up period during which time no study medications were administered. Generally, visits were conducted at weekly intervals. Study recruitment began 16 February 2005 and follow-up continued through 17 October 2005.

For self-monitored blood glucose profiles, subjects were given blood glucose meters and instructed to perform measurements by fingerstick at the fingertip. Preprandial glucose was measured 15 min before each meal, postprandial glucose was measured 1.5–2 h after each meal, and an additional glucose measurement was taken at 0300 h. Measurements were recorded on 3 separate days for both baseline and week 15.

Exenatide LAR consists of microspheres composed of exenatide and a poly(lactide-coglycolide) polymeric matrix. Poly(lactide-coglycolide) is a common biodegradable medical polymer with an extensive history of human use in absorbable sutures and extended-release pharmaceuticals. After injection, exenatide is slowly released from the microspheres through diffusion and erosion. Placebo LAR contained 0.5% ammonium sulfate instead of exenatide.

End points
Objectives of this study were to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of exenatide LAR. Additional objectives were to evaluate pharmacodynamic (i.e., glucose), A1C, and weight effects of exenatide LAR. Safety was assessed by adverse events, clinical laboratory values, physical examination, and electrocardiograms. Adverse events, as reported by the subjects or noted by study-site staff incidentally or as a result of nondirected questioning, were categorized as mild if transient, requiring no special treatment, and not interfering with daily activities and as moderate if causing a low level of inconvenience, possibly interfering with daily activities, and ameliorated by simple therapeutic measures. An adverse event was categorized as severe if it interrupted a subject's usual daily activities and required systemic drug therapy or other treatment.

Laboratory values
Blood to measure plasma exenatide was drawn before study medication injection. Plasma exenatide concentrations were quantitated by a validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (25) at LINCO Diagnostic Services (St. Charles, MO). A1C was quantitated by Quintiles Laboratories (Smyrna, GA) using high-performance liquid chromatography (26,27). Anti-exenatide antibodies were measured in a fashion similar to that described previously (25) at LINCO Diagnostic Services.

Statistical analysis
A sample size of 36 subjects was estimated to provide 95% CIs of ~65–115 and 170–290 pg/ml for the mean exenatide concentrations at steady state for 0.8 and 2.0 mg exenatide LAR, respectively. The intent-to-treat (ITT) population comprised all randomized subjects who received at least one injection of lead-in medication (n = 45), whereas the evaluable population consisted of subjects from the ITT population who completed the study procedures through week 15 in compliance with the protocol (n = 43). Descriptive statistics on demographics, safety, glycemic end points, and weight (i.e., mean values with either SE or SD, as appropriate) were provided for the ITT population. Descriptive statistics for self-monitored blood glucose measurements, which contained week 15 measurements, were performed for the evaluable population. The proportion of subjects achieving A1C ≤7.0% also depended on week 15 measurements. The A1C target analysis was performed on the subset of evaluable patients with baseline A1C >7% (n = 41).

Plasma exenatide concentrations by treatment and time were provided for those subjects who received exenatide LAR and completed the study. Exenatide pharmacokinetics were analyzed by standard noncompartmental methods and summarized descriptively. Post hoc analyses were performed to compare the 0.8- and 2.0-mg exenatide LAR groups to the placebo LAR group with respect to the change from baseline for A1C, fasting plasma glucose, and body weight. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--
 RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS--
 References
 
Subject demographics and disposition
Study subjects (n = 45) were 40% female and had the following mean ± SD baseline characteristics: A1C 8.5 ± 1.2%, fasting plasma glucose 9.9 ± 2.3 mmol/l, weight 106 ± 20 kg, and diabetes duration 5 ± 4 years. The different groups (Fig. 1) varied in their sex, with more women in the placebo LAR group and more men in the exenatide LAR groups, and glycemia, with lower A1C and fasting plasma glucose in the 2.0-mg exenatide LAR group. Most subjects in this study were receiving metformin (n = 27), whereas the remaining 18 subjects were treated with diet modification and exercise. Two subjects withdrew from the study, both from the placebo LAR group. One subject withdrew during the lead-in period because of an adverse event, and one subject withdrew during the treatment period because of loss of glucose control (Fig. 1).


Figure 1
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  		Figure 1— Study flowchart. Disposition of patients throughout the study, with baseline demographics. Demographic data are means ± SD, except for sex, race, and diabetes treatment. Percentages may not add up to 100 because of rounding.

 
Pharmacokinetics
With once-weekly exenatide LAR injections, mean plasma exenatide concentrations rose steadily. By week 2, treatment with 2.0 mg exenatide LAR reached 50 pg/ml, a concentration previously shown to significantly reduce plasma glucose (Fig. 2) (28). After ~6 weeks of treatment with 2.0 mg exenatide LAR, plasma exenatide concentrations were maintained at concentrations similar to the maximum concentration achieved with a single injection of 10 µg exenatide (steady-state concentration of 232 pg/ml with 2.0 mg exenatide LAR compared with 211 pg/ml after a single injection of 10 µg exenatide) (16). The steady-state concentration with 0.8 mg exenatide LAR was 111 pg/ml. After completion of the treatment phase at week 15, exenatide concentrations decreased steadily to below those considered to have a therapeutic effect by week 21.


Figure 2
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  		Figure 2— Plasma exenatide concentrations (means ± SD) over time in subjects receiving exenatide LAR (n = 31). Note that the last injection was administered at week 14.

 
Glycemic end points
Fasting plasma glucose was reduced rapidly, with significant mean ± SE changes from baseline to week 15 of –2.4 ± 0.9 and –2.2 ± 0.5 mmol/l for the 0.8- and 2.0-mg exenatide LAR groups, respectively, compared with +1.0 ± 0.7 mmol/l for the placebo LAR group (P < 0.001 for both 0.8 and 2.0 mg vs. placebo LAR) (Fig. 3A).


Figure 3
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  		Figure 3— Glycemic and weight parameters. Unless otherwise indicated: {circ}, placebo LAR, n = 14; {blacksquare}, 0.8 mg exenatide LAR, n = 16; •, 2.0 mg exenatide LAR, n = 15. *Statistically significant results: P < 0.05 compared with placebo LAR (A, C, and D). A: Fasting plasma glucose concentrations over time (ITT, n = 45; mean ± SE). B: Self-monitored blood glucose concentration profiles at baseline and week 15 (evaluable, n = 43; mean ± SE). {circ}, placebo LAR, n = 12; {blacksquare}, 0.8 mg exenatide LAR, n = 16; •, 2.0 mg exenatide LAR, n = 15. C: A1C (%) over time (ITT, n = 45; mean ± SE). D: Change in body weight from baseline over time (ITT, n = 45; mean ± SE).

 
All three groups had similar self-monitored blood glucose profiles and mean average daily blood glucose concentrations at baseline (placebo LAR 11.3 mmol/l, 0.8 mg exenatide LAR 11.4 mmol/l, and 2.0 mg exenatide LAR 10.8 mmol/l) (Fig. 3B). By week 15, the mean average daily blood glucose concentration decreased for both LAR treatment groups (week 15 values 9.2 mmol/l [0.8 mg] and 8.3 mmol/l [2.0 mg]) and rose for the placebo LAR group (12.2 mmol/l). Preprandial and postprandial plasma glucose concentrations decreased for both exenatide LAR groups, with the magnitude of postprandial excursions decreased by as much as fourfold with 2.0 mg exenatide LAR compared with placebo LAR.

A1C was reduced at the first postexenatide LAR measurement (week 3) for both exenatide LAR groups and progressively decreased throughout the treatment period (Fig. 3C). At week 15, significant mean ± SE A1C changes from baseline of –1.4 ± 0.3 and –1.7 ± 0.3% were observed for the 0.8- and 2.0-mg exenatide LAR groups, respectively, compared with +0.4 ± 0.3% for the placebo LAR group (P < 0.0001 for both 0.8 and 2.0 mg vs. placebo LAR), resulting in mean A1C values of 7.2 and 6.6% in the 0.8- and 2.0-mg exenatide LAR groups, respectively, compared with 9.0% for the placebo LAR group. Of evaluable subjects with baseline A1C >7% (n = 41), 86% in the 2.0-mg group and 36% of subjects in the 0.8-mg group achieved an A1C of ≤7% at week 15, compared with 0% of subjects in the placebo LAR group.

Weight
Body weight decreased progressively in the 2.0-mg exenatide LAR group, with a significant mean ± SE change from baseline at week 15 of –3.8 ± 1.4 kg (3.5% of total baseline body weight) (Fig. 3D) (P < 0.05 for 2.0 mg exenatide LAR vs. placebo LAR). Body weight was unchanged for the 0.8-mg exenatide LAR and placebo LAR groups.

Safety and tolerability
All adverse events were mild to moderate in intensity, except for one severe adverse event of urticaria and pruritus, which was considered to be related to shellfish ingestion not to exenatide treatment. Nausea was the most frequently reported adverse event among exenatide LAR-treated subjects (exenatide LAR 0.8 mg 19% and 2.0 mg 27% vs. placebo LAR 15%), followed by gastroenteritis (exenatide LAR 0.8 mg 19% and 2.0 mg 13% vs. placebo LAR 0%), and hypoglycemia (exenatide LAR 0.8 mg 25% and 2.0 mg 0% vs. placebo LAR 0%). All episodes of nausea were mild, with no reports of vomiting. Hypoglycemic episodes, only one of which was confirmed with a blood glucose concentration (3.1 mmol/l), were mild in intensity and were not related to the dose of exenatide LAR (as all occurred in the 0.8-mg group). Injection site bruising occurred more frequently in exenatide LAR-treated patients (exenatide LAR 0.8 mg 13% and 2.0 mg 7% vs. placebo LAR 0%).

There were no withdrawals because of adverse events during exenatide LAR treatment. There were no clinically significant abnormal hematologic, chemistry, or urinalysis values reported during the study. Further, there were no clinically significant abnormalities in vital signs and electrocardiogram interpretations.

At week 15, 67% of subjects in the exenatide LAR treatment groups were positive for anti-exenatide antibodies. Individual subject profiles did not reveal a clear association between antibody response and effects on safety or efficacy.


   CONCLUSIONS—
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--
 RESULTS
 CONCLUSIONS--
References
 
Development of an exenatide formulation with once-weekly dosing that reduces A1C and weight could provide patients and clinicians with a novel tool with which to treat type 2 diabetes. In this study, once-weekly exenatide LAR for 15 weeks had multiple metabolic effects, including significant reductions of A1C, weight, and fasting glucose and marked reduction of self-monitored postprandial glucose. Treatment with 2.0 mg exenatide LAR but not with 0.8 mg reduced body weight, indicating that higher exenatide concentrations are required for effects on weight. This dose dependence in weight effects is in keeping with the observed results of 30-week placebo-controlled studies of exenatide on a background of metformin or sulfonylurea treatment (18,19). Likewise, the magnitude of postprandial glucose excursions decreased as much as fourfold with 2.0 mg exenatide LAR (compared with placebo LAR), which may account for the greater magnitude of A1C reduction with the 2.0-mg dose.

A single dose of the BID formulation of exenatide has a half-life of 2.4 h after subcutaneous injection, predominantly because of renal clearance, and is administered before the two main meals of the day, ≥6 hours apart (16). Improvements in postprandial glycemia with exenatide BID have been most pronounced at breakfast and dinner, the meals before which exenatide is typically given, with some residual beneficial effects after lunch and during fasting. In contrast, treatment with exenatide LAR provides 24-h exposure to therapeutic exenatide concentrations. This continuous exposure may account for the reduction in fasting glucose observed with 15 weeks of exenatide LAR being fourfold greater than that reported in 30-week studies with 10 µg exenatide BID (18–20). In addition, exenatide LAR provides postprandial glycemic control with all meals. This combination of daylong fasting and postprandial effects may explain why the A1C reduction was approximately twice as large with 2.0 mg exenatide LAR compared with exenatide BID and why the majority of subjects (86%) achieved target A1C values of ≤7%. Similarly, it is possible that the twofold greater weight reduction could reflect effects on food intake throughout the day with 2.0 mg exenatide LAR, as opposed to presumably only at breakfast and dinner with exenatide BID.

Continuous GLP-1 infusion improves glycemic control, weight, insulin sensitivity, and ß-cell function (8,29). However, whereas GLP-1, with a half-life of <2 min (6), is administered as a continuous infusion, exenatide LAR, with a median half-life of 2 weeks (data on file; Amylin Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA), can be administered as a once-weekly subcutaneous injection. Exenatide acts in a glucose-dependent manner, affecting insulin and glucagon secretion during hyperglycemia but not euglycemia or hypoglycemia. Therefore, continuous exenatide concentrations can potentially improve glycemic control and other metabolic measures without increasing the risk of clinically significant hypoglycemia.

Exenatide LAR was well tolerated, with almost exclusively mild-to-moderate adverse events. The relatively mild nausea profile with exenatide LAR compared with that observed with exenatide BID (18–20) may be due to the more gradual increase in plasma exenatide concentrations upon initiation of treatment. In support of this hypothesis, stepwise introduction of exenatide has been shown to reduce the incidence of nausea by approximately half (30). The formation of anti-exenatide antibodies with exenatide LAR treatment was not predictive of end point response or adverse safety outcome, consistent with exenatide BID studies (18–20). Longer-term studies are needed to examine the safety profile of exenatide LAR. Thus far, exenatide BID has been on the market for ~2 years and has been studied in clinical trials of up to 3 years in duration (31) without significant changes to its safety profile.

Although these findings are encouraging, the relatively modest size (45 subjects) and short duration (15 weeks) of the study and administration of exenatide LAR by study staff must all be considered when interpreting these findings. The reductions in A1C and weight did not appear to plateau by week 15, so the full potential for and sustainability of glycemic improvement and weight reduction were not determined by this study. Additionally, the administration of injections by study staff at study sites ensured high compliance and a uniform injection technique, which may not reflect real-world clinical use.

In this early study, the data suggest that a convenient, once-weekly exenatide formulation shows promise in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The combined potential benefits of improved glycemic control and reduced weight in a novel once-weekly treatment regimen for patients with type 2 diabetes merits longer-term large-scale studies to gain further insight into treatment with exenatide LAR.


   Acknowledgments
 
This work was supported by Amylin Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, and Alkermes, Cambridge, MA.

The authors thank the exenatide LAR clinical team for their assistance in the conduct, reporting, and quality control of the study and development of the manuscript; the investigators Andrew Ahmann, Bruce Berwald, Eric Klein, Sam D. Miller, John Pullman, and Richard Weinstein and the study site staffs for conducting the study; the study subjects for their participation; and Susanna Mac for writing of the manuscript. We thank Alkermes for leading the development of and for manufacturing the long-acting release formulation of exenatide.


   Footnotes
 
Published ahead of print at http://care.diabetesjournals.org on 12 March 2007. DOI: 10.2337/dc06-2375. Clinical trial reg. no. NCT00103935, clinicaltrials.gov.

D.K., L.M., D.Z., M.F., and K.T. are employees and stockholders of Amylin Pharmaceuticals. P.K. and M.T. are employees and shareholders of Eli Lilly.

A table elsewhere in this issue shows conventional and Système International (SI) units and conversion factors for many substances.

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Received for publication November 20, 2006. Accepted for publication February 28, 2007.


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 INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--
 RESULTS
 CONCLUSIONS--
 References
 

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