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The Increase of Apolipoprotein A-V During Postprandial Lipemia Parallels the Response of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in Type 2 Diabetes

No relationship between apoA-V and postheparin plasma lipolytic activity

¹ Division of Cardiology, Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
² Department of Atherosclerosis, INSERM UR 545, Pasteur Institute of Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Prof. Marja-Riitta Taskinen, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 700, FIN-00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland. E-mail: marja-riitta.taskinen{at}helsinki.fi

Abbreviations: apo, apolipoprotein • IAUC, incremental area under the curve • LPL, lipoprotein lipase • TRL, triglyceride-rich lipoprotein

	INTRODUCTION

TOP INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-- RESULTS-- CONCLUSIONS-- References

 
Postprandial lipemia is a distinct feature of diabetic dyslipidemia and may partly explain the atherogeneity of the lipid profile in type 2 diabetes (1). Several genetic factors contribute to the elevation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs). The role of apolipoprotein (apo)C-III as a regulator of TRL metabolism is well documented (2). Recently, apoA-V has been identified as a novel regulator of triglyceride metabolism. When the human APOA5 gene was expressed in transgenic mice, plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by 70%, whereas apoA5 gene knockout mice had fourfold elevation of plasma triglyceride levels (3). Inherited apoA-V deficiency results in severe hypertriglyceridemia in humans (4). A mutation in the APOA5 gene causes hypertriglyceridemia due to decreased lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mass and activity (5). Thus, previous studies have proposed that apoA-V decreases triglycerides by stimulating lipolysis.

The present study focused on the response of apoA-V and apoC-III during postprandial lipemia and the associations between apoA-V and apoC-III and postheparin plasma LPL and hepatic lipase activities in type 2 diabetes.

	RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—

TOP INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-- RESULTS-- CONCLUSIONS-- References

 
The present study cohort was comprised of 39 men and 8 women with type 2 diabetes who were enrolled in the previously published nateglinide study with the same inclusion and exclusion criteria (6). A total of 17 patients were treated with diet alone, 20 with sulfonylurea, and 11 with metformin. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the Helsinki University Hospital, and all patients gave informed consent.

The test meal was served after an overnight 12-h fast, and it contained 63 g fat (polyunsaturated fat/saturated fat ratio 0.08), 490 mg cholesterol, 25 g carbohydrate, and 35 g protein as previously described (6). Blood samples were drawn from a catheter placed in an antecubital vein before the meal and at 3, 4, 6, and 8 h. Concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol, as well as apoB-100 and apoB-48 concentrations in the plasma lipoprotein fractions isolated by density-gradient ultracentrifugation, were analyzed as previously described (7). Postheparin LPL and hepatic lipase were analyzed by an established method (8). ApoA-V was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (9). ApoC-III was determined by using a commercially available kit (10).

Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 13.0; SPSS, Chicago, IL). Postprandial responses over the 8-h period were calculated as incremental areas under the curve (IAUCs) as previously described (11). The significance of the postprandial response of different variables was calculated by using ANOVA of repeated measurements. Spearman rank correlations were calculated to study the associations between variables, and P value <0.05 (two tailed) was considered statistically significant.

	RESULTS—

TOP INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-- RESULTS-- CONCLUSIONS-- References

 
The patients were middle-aged (62.8 ± 8.5 years [mean ± SD]), overweight (BMI 28.4 ± 3.4 kg/m²), and mildly dyslipidemic (total cholesterol 5.3 ± 0.7 mmol/l, triglyceride 1.8 ± 0.6 mmol/l, and HDL cholesterol 1.31 ± 0.28 mmol/l). The mean A1C level averaged 7.6 ± 1.0%, and the mean fasting glucose level averaged 10.1 ± 2.7 mmol/l. ApoA-V and apoAC-III concentrations averaged 268 ± 98 ng/ml (range 119–557) and 3.91 ± 1.8 mg/dl (1.0–9.7), respectively.

The responses of both apoA-V and apoC-III closely paralleled the postprandial triglyceride response, particularly in VLDL1 fraction (Figure). The IAUC of apoA-V during oral fat load was positively associated with IAUCs of serum triglyceride (r = 0.571, P > 0.001), chylomicron triglyceride (r = 0.520, P < 0.001), VLDL1-triglyceride (r = 0.691, P < 0.001), chylomicron apoB-48 (r = 0.525, P < 0.001), and VLDL1-apoB-100 (r = 0.558, P < 0.001). Similarly, the IAUC of apoC-III showed significantly positive correlations with these lipoprotein parameters (data not shown). Importantly, the IAUC of apoA-V correlated significantly with that of apoC-III (r = 0.562, P < 0.001). Postheparin plasma LPL activity negatively correlated with IAUCs of VLDL1 triglycerides, VLDL1-cholesterol, and VLDL1- apoB-100 (data not shown).

Fasting ApoA-V concentration did not correlate with postheparin plasma LPL or hepatic lipase activities. The concentration of apoC-III showed no relationship with LPL or hepatic lipase activities. The baseline concentration of apoC-III correlated significantly with triglyceride in fasting plasma (r = 0.866, P < 0.001), chylomicrons (r = 0.769, P < 0.001), VLDL1 (r = 0.888, P < 0.001), and VLDL2 (r = 0.741, P < 0.001). No relationship existed between IAUC of apoA-V and postheparin plasma LPL or hepatic lipase activity.

	CONCLUSIONS—

TOP INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-- RESULTS-- CONCLUSIONS-- References

 
Despite the lack of correlation between the fasting apoA-V and lipid parameters, the postprandial increase of apoA-V paralleled those of plasma and VLDL1 triglyceride as well as apoC-III, reaching its maximum at 4 h after oral fat load. Since apoA-V is associated with VLDL and chylomicron particles (12), the increase of apoA-V may reflect the increase of VLDL particles during the postprandial phase in analogy with apoC-III overproduction (2). Another potential explanation is that apoA-V production in the liver is increased as a regulatory mechanism to cover the increased need of postprandial lipolysis. Both hypotheses are consistent with the two recent reports showing elevated apoA-V concentrations in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia (13–14).

Although apoA-V has been reported to play an important role in lipolysis (3,15–16), we found no association between postprandial apoA-V values and LPL activity. This could be explained by the fact that ApoA-V is present in plasma at very low concentrations, far lower than other lipoprotein levels (14). In contrast, animal studies (3,13) have used transgenic models manifesting higher concentrations of apoA-V than seen physiologically in plasma. To summarize, apo A-V response to oral fat load closely parallels those of TRLs and apo CIII in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1— Postprandial response of VLDL1 triglycerides (A) VLDL1- apoB-100 (B), chylomicron triglycerides (Chylo-triglyceride) (C), chylomicron apo B-48 (Chylo-apoB-48) (D), apoA-V (E), and apoC-III (F). The postprandial responses were calculated and presented as IAUCs (means ± SD). The significance of the postprandial change in each variable was calculated by using ANOVA of repeated measurements.

	Acknowledgments

We thank Helinä Perttunen-Nio, Hannele Hilden, and Virve Naatti for their excellent technical assistance.

	Footnotes

 
Published ahead of print at http://care.diabetesjournals.org on 7 May 2007. DOI: 10.2337/dc07-0100.

A table elsewhere in this issue shows conventional and Système International (SI) units and conversion factors for many substances.

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Received for publication January 17, 2007. Accepted for publication May 3, 2007.

	References

TOP INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-- RESULTS-- CONCLUSIONS-- References

 

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This Article Extract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: dc07-0100v1 30/8/2083    most recent Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Kahri, J. Articles by Taskinen, M.-R. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Kahri, J. Articles by Taskinen, M.-R. Social Bookmarking                What's this?