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Effect of Chromium Supplementation on Glucose Metabolism and Lipids: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Response to Balk et al.

¹ Diabetes Centre, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Netherlands
² Langerhans Medical Research Group, Langerhans Foundation, Zwolle, the Netherlands

Address correspondence to Nanne Kleefstra, MD, Langerhans Foundation, Diabetes Centre, Isala Clinics, Sophia Location, P.O. Box 10400, 8000 GK Zwolle, Netherlands. E-mail: kleefstra{at}langerhans.com

With interest, we read the systematic review by Balk et al. (1). It reviewed the effect of chromium supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipids. It is important to have an update of the systematic review performed by Althuis et al. (2) in 2002, since many studies have been published in the years thereafter.

However, we have some concerns with the conclusions of the current systematic review (1). Althuis et al. (2) excluded the study of Anderson et al. (3), performed in China, in their meta-analysis because this study caused heterogeneity problems. Furthermore, this study, which was rated by Balk et al. (1) as being of poor quality, has by far the most beneficial effects on A1C compared with all other studies. We cannot assess the effects, as they were found by combining the results of the studies with the methodological qualification of "good" in the subanalysis. We guess from Fig. 1 that this effect is about 0.2%, which, if significant, would not be very relevant.

Also, it would have been informative to know whether Balk et al. have performed subanalyses of Western and non-Western patients, as it seems that the beneficial effects on A1C are for the most part found in studies in non-Western countries. The possibly modest effect on A1C in the studies qualified as "good" is, to the greatest extent, caused by a study conducted in India.

Balk et al. themselves are quite rightly cautious in their conclusion that the poorer the quality of the trial the greater the effect was on A1C. However, in the article and abstract, it is stated that chromium supplementation improves A1C with 0.6%, which they again nuanced. In our opinion, the conclusion should rather be that chromium has no (relevant) effect on A1C, especially not in Western patients with type 2 diabetes, which was also the conclusion of our randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 400 µg chromium (yeast) (4).

Instead of more of the same randomized controlled trials, future research should focus on how to determine which patients are chromium deficient. Unfortunately, there is still not a good tool to define chromium status in an individual.

References

1. Balk E, Tatsioni A, Lichtenstein A, Lau J, Pittas AG: Effect of chromium supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipids: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care 30:2154–2163, 2007[Abstract/Free Full Text]
   
2. Althuis MD, Jordan NE, Ludington EA, Wittes JT: Glucose and insulin responses to dietary chromium supplements: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 76:148–155, 2002[Abstract/Free Full Text]
   
3. Anderson RA, Cheng N, Bryden NA, Polansky MM, Chi J, Feng J: Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 46:1786–1791, 1997[Abstract]
   
4. Kleefstra N, Houweling ST, Bakker SJ, Verhoeven S, Gans RO, Meyboom-de Jong B, Bilo HJ: Chromium treatment has no effect in patients with type 2 diabetes in a Western population: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Care 30:1092–1096, 2007[Abstract/Free Full Text]
   

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				E. M. Balk, A. H. Lichtenstein, and A. G. Pittas Effect of Chromium Supplementation on Glucose Metabolism and Lipids: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials: Response to Kleefstra, Houweling, and Bilo Diabetes Care, September 1, 2007; 30(9): e103 - e103. [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Extract Full Text (PDF) Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Kleefstra, N. Articles by Bilo, H. J.G. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Kleefstra, N. Articles by Bilo, H. J.G. Social Bookmarking                What's this?