Abstract

The prevalence and titers of insulin antibodies in insulin-treated patients have markedly decreased, mainly as a consequence of the improvements in the purity of insulin preparations and to a lesser degree because of the changes of species of insulin (human insulin). However, numerous patients still produce antibody levels that may alter insulin pharmacokinetics, leading to higher postprandial blood glucose levels and to an increased risk for delayed hypoglycemia. Although the effects of antibodies on long-term glycemic control are less clear, the metabolic consequences of altered pharmacokinetics are clinically evident in patients in whom near normoglycemia is the goal and who are treated predominantly with short-acting insulin. Lipoatrophy and immunological insulin resistance, which are also antibody-induced phenomena, have become rare. Whether pregnancies in diabetic mothers with antibodies carry an increased risk for serious or fatal complications is not clear; neonates of these mothers are probably at increased risk for neonatal hypoglycemia.