Immunogenetic and Clinical Characterization of Slowly Progressive IDDM
- Tetsuro Kobayashi, MD,
- Koji Tamemoto, MD,
- Koji Nakanishi, MD,
- Norihiro Kato, MD,
- Minoru Okubo, MD,
- Hiroshi Kajio, MD,
- Tadao Sugimoto, MD,
- Toshio Murase, MD and
- Kinori Kosaka, MD
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toranomon Hospital; the Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research Toranomon, Minato-Ku; and the Institute for Diabetes Care and Research, Asahi Life Foundation Marunouchi, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Tetsuro Kobayashi, MD, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toranomon Hospital, 2–2–2 Toranomon, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105, Japan.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the clinical and immunogenetic heterogeneity of IDDM.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We divided 207 IDDM patients into groups based on the interval from clinical onset to initiation of insulin therapy: group A (<3 mo, acute clinical-onset group, n = 134), group B (3–12 mo, intermediate group, n = 31), and group C (>13 mo, slowly progressive group, n = 42). Immunogenetic and clinical markers were compared between group A and group C.
RESULTS The mode age of onset was higher in group C (52 yr) than group A (10 yr). Group C had a higher prevalence of islet cell antibodies (42.9%, 18 of 42) than group A (25.4%, 34 of 134, P = 0.05). Serum C-peptide immunoreactivity assayed by radioimmunoassay in response to a 100-g oral glucose tolerance test was significantly higher in group C uhan in group A. Group C patients were also more likely to have a family history of NIDDM (26.1%, 11 of 42) among their first-degree relatives than group A patients (11.2%, 15 of 134, P = 0.039). The prevalences of family history of IDDM and endocrine autoimmune diseases were not different between groups C and A. The frequency of complications of endocrine autoimmune disease was not different between group A (6.7%, 9 of 134) and group C (2.3%, 1 of 42). Significant associations with two class I major histocompatibility complex antigens (HLA-A24 and -Bw54) and one class II antigen (HLA-DR4) were observed in group A. Group A patients were assocciated with three diabetogenic HLA-DQ haplotypes including DQA1*0301-DQB1*0401, DQAl*0301-DQBl*0302, and DQA1 *0301-DQB 1*0303. In contrast, group C lacked the association with class I antigens, although HLA-DR4 and HLA-DQA1* 0301-DQB 1*0401 were more common in this group than in control subjects.
CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the clinical subtype with slowly progressive course (slowly progressive IDDM) has distinct findings including late-age onset, high prevalence of islet cell antibodies, preserved β-cell function, and high family history of NIDDM. An additive effect of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex antigens is suggested as an explanation for the acute clinical manifestations and more severe β-cell destruction in group A patients.
- Received December 2, 1991.
- Revision received January 7, 1993.
- Accepted January 7, 1993.
- Copyright © 1993 by the American Diabetes Association
