UKPDS 59: Hyperglycemia and Other Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors for Peripheral Vascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes
- Amanda I. Adler, MD, PHD1,
- Richard J. Stevens, PHD1,
- Andrew Neil, FRCP2,
- Irene M. Stratton, MSC1,
- Andrew J. M. Boulton, FRCP3,
- Rury R. Holman, FRCP1 and
- for the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study Group
- 1Diabetes Trials Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
- 2Division of Public Health and Primary Health Care, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
- 3Department of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE—To determine the role of hyperglycemia in prospective analyses of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) in type 2 diabetes, taking into account other potential risk factors.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Potential risk factors for the development of PVD were examined in 3,834 of 5,102 individuals enrolled in the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) without PVD at diagnosis of diabetes, followed for 6 years, and for whom relevant data were available. PVD was defined as two of the following: ankle-arm blood pressure index <0.8, absence of both dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses to palpation in one or both legs, and intermittent claudication. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between potential risk factors measured 3–4 months after diagnosis of diabetes and incident PVD. The prevalence of PVD at 3-year intervals to 18 years was determined.
RESULTS—Hyperglycemia, assessed as HbA1c, was associated with an increased risk for incident PVD, independent of other risk factors including age, increased systolic blood pressure, reduced HDL cholesterol, smoking, prior cardiovascular disease, peripheral sensory neuropathy, and retinopathy. Each 1% increase in HbA1c was associated with a 28% increased risk of PVD (95% CI 12–46), and each 10-mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure with a 25% increase in risk (95% CI 10–43).
CONCLUSIONS—Hyperglycemia, as well as smoking, dyslipidemia, and blood pressure are potentially modifiable risk factors for the development of PVD.
- AAI, ankle-arm index
- DBP, diastolic blood pressure
- DP, dorsalis pedis
- ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- PT, posterior tibial
- PVD, peripheral vascular disease
- SBP, systolic blood pressure
- UKPDS, U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study
Footnotes
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Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. A. I. Adler, Diabetes Trials Unit, Radcliffe Infirmary, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6HE, U.K. E-mail: amanda.adler{at}dtu.ox.ac.uk.
Received for publication 28 August 2001 and accepted in revised form 10 February 2002.
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