Smoking and Incidence of Diabetes Among U.S. Adults
Findings from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study
- Capri Gabrielle Foy, PHD, MS,
- Ronny A. Bell, PHD,
- Deborah F. Farmer, PHD,
- David C. Goff, Jr., MD, PHD and
- Lynne E. Wagenknecht, DRPH
- From the Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Capri G. Foy, PhD, MS, Piedmont Plaza II, 2000 W. First St., Office 250, Winston-Salem, NC 27104. E-mail: cfoy{at}wfubmc.edu
Abstract
OBJECTIVE—The objective of this study was to determine the association between smoking and incident diabetes among U.S. adults.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) was a prospective study of the associations of insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors. We examined the relationship between smoking status categories (never, former, and current) and incident 5-year type 2 diabetes among 906 participants free of diabetes at baseline. We also considered the effect of pack-year categories (never, former <20 pack-years, former ≥20 pack-years, current <20 pack-years, and current ≥20 pack-years) upon diabetes incidence.
RESULTS—Of current smokers, 96 (25%) developed diabetes at 5 years, compared with 60 (14%) never smokers. After multivariable adjustment, current smokers exhibited increased incidence of diabetes compared with never smokers (odds ratio [OR] 2.66, P = 0.001). Similar results were found among current smokers with ≥20 pack-years with normal glucose tolerance (5.66, P = 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS—Smoking shares a robust association with incident diabetes, supporting the current Surgeon General’s warnings against cigarette smoking.
- FSIGT, frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test
- IGT, impaired glucose tolerance
- IRAS, Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study
- NGT, normal glucose tolerance
- WHO, World Health Organization
Footnotes
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A table elsewhere in this issue shows conventional and Système International (SI) units and conversion factors for many substances.
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- Accepted July 20, 2005.
- Received March 21, 2005.
- DIABETES CARE
