Effect of a Pharmaceutical Care Program on Vascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes
The Fremantle Diabetes Study
- Rhonda M. Clifford, PHD12,
- Wendy A. Davis, PHD2,
- Kevin T. Batty, PHD1 and
- Timothy M.E. Davis, DPHIL2
- 1School of Pharmacy, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, Australia
- 2School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Fremantle Hospital, University of Western Australia, Fremantle, Australia
- Address correspondencereprint requests to Professor Timothy M.E. Davis, DPhil, School of MedicinePharmacology, Fremantle Hospital, P.O. Box 480, Fremantle, Western Australia 6959, Australia. E-mail: tdavis{at}cyllene.uwa.edu.au
Abstract
OBJECTIVE—To examine the effect of a 12-month pharmaceutical care (PC) program on vascular risk in type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We recruited 198 community-based patients randomized to PC or usual care. PC patients had face-to-face goal-directed medication and lifestyle counseling at baseline and at 6 and 12 months plus 6-weekly telephone assessments and provision of other educational material. Clinical, biochemical, and medication-related data were sent regularly to each patient’s physician(s). The main outcome measure was change in HbA1c. A diabetes-specific risk engine was used to estimate changes in 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke risk in patients without a history of cardiovascular disease.
RESULTS—At total of 180 patients (91%) completed the study. Mean (95% CI) reductions were greater in PC case subjects (n = 92) than control subjects (n = 88) for HbA1c (−0.5% [95% CI −0.7 to −0.3] vs. 0 [−0.2 to 0.2]) and systolic (−14 mmHg [−19 to −9] vs. −7 [−11 to −2]) and diastolic (−5 mmHg [−8 to −3] vs. −2 [−4 to 1]) blood pressure (P ≤ 0.043). The improvement in HbA1c persisted after adjustment for baseline value and demographic and treatment-specific variables. The median (interquartile range) 10-year estimated risk of a first CHD event decreased in the PC case subjects (25.1% [15.6–36.2] to 20.3 [14.6–30.2]; n = 42, P = 0.002) but not in the control subjects (26.1% [17.2–39.4] vs. 26.4 [16.7–38.0]; n = 52, P = 0.17).
CONCLUSIONS—A 12-month PC program in type 2 diabetes reduced glycemia and blood pressure. Pharmacist involvement contributed to improvement in HbA1c independently of pharmacotherapeutic changes. PC could prove a valuable component of community-based multidisciplinary diabetes care.
Footnotes
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A table elsewhere in this issue shows conventional and Système International (SI) units and conversion factors for many substances.
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- Accepted January 10, 2005.
- Received October 6, 2004.
- DIABETES CARE
