Advanced Glycation End Products and Antioxidant Status in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With and Without Peripheral Artery Disease
- Annunziata Lapolla, MD1,
- Francesco Piarulli, MD1,
- Giovanni Sartore, MD1,
- Antonio Ceriello, MD2,
- Eugenio Ragazzi, MD3,
- Rachele Reitano, MD1,
- Lorenzo Baccarin, MLT1,
- Barbara Laverda, MD1 and
- Domenico Fedele, MD1
- 1Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- 2Warwick Medical School, Coventry, U.K.
- 3Department of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Francesco Piarulli, MD, Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via dei Colli 4, 35143 Padova, Italy. E-mail: francesco.piarulli{at}unipd.it
Abstract
OBJECTIVE—Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), pentosidine and malondialdehyde (MDA), are elevated in type 2 diabetic subjects with coronary and carotid angiopathy. We investigated the relationship of AGEs, MDA, total reactive antioxidant potentials (TRAPs), and vitamin E in type 2 diabetic patients with and without peripheral artery disease (PAD).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—AGEs, pentosidine, MDA, TRAP, vitamin E, and ankle-brachial index (ABI) were measured in 99 consecutive type 2 diabetic subjects and 20 control subjects.
RESULTS—AGEs, pentosidine, and MDA were higher and vitamin E and TRAP were lower in patients with PAD (ABI <0.9) than in patients without PAD (ABI >0.9) (P < 0.001). After multiple regression analysis, a correlation between AGEs and pentosidine, as independent variables, and ABI, as the dependent variable, was found in both patients with and without PAD (r = 0.9198, P < 0.001 and r = 0.5764, P < 0.001, respectively) but not in control subjects. When individual regression coefficients were evaluated, only that due to pentosidine was confirmed as significant. For patients with PAD, considering TRAP, vitamin E, and MDA as independent variables and ABI as the dependent variable produced an overall significant regression (r = 0.6913, P < 0.001). The regression coefficients for TRAP and vitamin E were not significant, indicating that the model is best explained by a single linear regression between MDA and ABI. These findings were also confirmed by principal component analysis.
CONCLUSIONS—Results show that pentosidine and MDA are strongly associated with PAD in type 2 diabetic patients.
- ABI, ankle-brachial index
- AGE, advanced glycation end product
- FPG, fasting plasma glucose
- LC, liquid chromatography
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- PAD, peripheral artery disease
- PCA, principal component analysis
- R-PE, R-phycoerythrin
- TRAP, total reactive antioxidant potential
Footnotes
-
A table elsewhere in this issue shows conventional and Système International (SI) units and conversion factors for many substances.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
-
- Accepted November 28, 2006.
- Received July 18, 2006.
- DIABETES CARE
