Leisure-Time Physical Activity Is Associated With the Metabolic Syndrome in Type 1 Diabetes
Effect of the PPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphism: the FinnDiane Study
- Johan Wadén, MD12,
- Lena M. Thorn, MD12,
- Carol Forsblom, MD, DMSC12,
- Timo Lakka, MD, DMSC34,
- Markku Saraheimo, MD12,
- Milla Rosengård-Bärlund, MD12,
- Outi Heikkilä, MD12,
- Maija Wessman, PHD125,
- Joni A. Turunen, MD12,
- Maija Parkkonen, BSC12,
- Heikki Tikkanen, MD, DMSC16,
- Per-Henrik Groop, MD, DMSC12 and
- on behalf of the FinnDiane Study Group
- 1Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- 2Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- 3Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
- 4Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- 5Finnish Genome Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
- 6Unit for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Per-Henrik Groop, Biomedicum Helsinki, POB 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. E-mail: per-henrik.groop{at}helsinki.fi
The metabolic syndrome varies in prevalence among different populations. A common feature, however, is a steep increase in prevalence along with a decrease in glucose tolerance (1–2).
We have shown that 39% of adult type 1 diabetic patients have the metabolic syndrome (3), and similar data were recently reported from Italy (4). However, whether the metabolic syndrome observed in type 1 diabetes is the same as in nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic patients is unclear.
Both lifestyle (5–8) and hereditary factors (9) seem to be involved in the development of the metabolic syndrome in nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects. The PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ) Pro12Ala polymorphism has been associated with type 2 diabetes, the Ala allele being associated with a lower risk (10), and with the metabolic syndrome in some (11–12) but not all (13) studies. However, whether lifestyle or genetic factors also play a role in the development and treatment of the metabolic syndrome in patients with type 1 diabetes is unknown.
Therefore, to further study the metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes, we investigated whether physical activity and/or the PPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphism are associated with metabolic syndrome in patients with type 1 diabetes in the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy (FinnDiane) …
