Fasting and Postprandial Glycoxidative and Lipoxidative Stress Are Increased in Women With Type 2 Diabetes
- Roger K. Schindhelm, BSC, MD1,
- Marjan Alssema, MSC2,
- Peter G. Scheffer, PHD3,
- Michaela Diamant, MD, PHD1,
- Jacqueline M. Dekker, PHD2,
- Rob Barto3,
- Giel Nijpels, MD, PHD24,
- Piet J. Kostense, PHD25,
- Robert J. Heine, MD, PHD12,
- Casper G. Schalkwijk, PHD6 and
- Tom Teerlink, PHD3
- 1Department of Endocrinology, Vrije University (VU) Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- 2Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- 3Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- 4Department of General Practice, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- 5Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- 6Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to T. Teerlink, PhD, VU University Medical Center, Clinical Chemistry, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, Netherlands. E-mail: t.teerlink{at}vumc.nl
Abstract
OBJECTIVE— We studied acute changes in markers of glycoxidative and lipoxidative stress, including oxidized LDL, Nε-(carboxyethyl)-lysine (CEL), Nε-(carboxymethyl)-lysine (CML), and 3-deoxyglucosone (3DG), following two consecutive meals.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Postmenopausal women (27 with normal glucose metabolism [NGM], 26 with type 2 diabetes) received two consecutive fat-rich meals and two consecutive carbohydrate-rich meals on two occasions. Glucose and triglyceride concentrations were measured at baseline and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h following breakfast; lunch was given at 4 h. Oxidized LDL–to–LDL cholesterol ratio, CEL, CML, and 3DG were measured at baseline and at 8 h.
RESULTS— Fasting oxidized LDL–to–LDL cholesterol ratio, 3DG, and CML were higher in women with type 2 diabetes compared with women with NGM and were comparable to the postprandial values at 8 h in NGM. Postprandial rises in the oxidized LDL–to–LDL cholesterol ratio and 3DG were similar in both groups. However, the oxidized LDL–to–LDL cholesterol ratio increased more after the fat-rich meals, whereas CML and 3DG increased more after the carbohydrate-rich meals. After the fat-rich meals, the increase in the oxidized LDL–to–LDL cholesterol ratio correlated with postprandial triglycerides, whereas the increase in 3DG was correlated with postprandial glucose.
CONCLUSIONS— The acute changes in markers of glycoxidative and lipoxidative stress in both type 2 diabetes and NGM suggest that postabsorptive oxidative stress may partly underlie the association of postprandial derangements and cardiovascular risk.
- 3DG, 3-deoxyglucosone
- AGE, advanced glycation end product
- CAD, coronary artery disease
- CEL, Nε-(carboxyethyl)-lysine
- CML, Nε-(carboxymethyl)-lysine
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- iAUC, incremental area under the curve
- NGM, normal glucose metabolism
Footnotes
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Published ahead of print at http://care.diabetesjournals.org on 27 April 2007. DOI: 10.2337/dc06-2585.
A table elsewhere in this issue shows conventional and Système International (SI) units and conversion factors for many substances.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
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- Accepted April 18, 2007.
- Received December 21, 2006.
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