Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Youth With and Without Type 2 Diabetes

Differences and possible mechanisms

  1. Nancy A. West, PHD1,
  2. Richard F. Hamman, MD1,
  3. Elizabeth J. Mayer-Davis, PHD2,
  4. Ralph B. D'Agostino, Jr., PHD3,
  5. Santica M. Marcovina, PHD4,
  6. Angela D. Liese, PHD2,
  7. Philip S. Zeitler, MD5,
  8. Stephen R. Daniels, MD5 and
  9. Dana Dabelea, MD1
  1. 1Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado
  2. 2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Center for Research in Nutrition and Health Disparities, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
  3. 3Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
  4. 4Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
  5. 5Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado
  1. Corresponding author: Nancy A. West, nancy.west{at}ucdenver.edu

Abstract

OBJECTIVE—To compare cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among recently diagnosed youth with type 2 diabetes and nondiabetic youth and investigate whether demographic, behavioral, or metabolic factors might account for observed differences.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Data from 106 type 2 diabetic and 189 nondiabetic multiethnic youth, aged 10–22 years, were analyzed. Prevalence of CVD risk factors were age and race/ethnicity adjusted using direct standardization. Multiple linear regression models were sequentially adjusted for demographic, behavioral (dietary saturated fat intake and physical activity), and metabolic (body adiposity and glycemia) factors to explore possible mechanisms associated with differences in CVD risk factors between the case and control groups.

RESULTS—Compared with control subjects, youth with type 2 diabetes had a higher prevalence of elevated blood pressure, obesity, large waist circumference, low HDL cholesterol, high triglycerides, and high albumin-to-creatinine ratio (P < 0.05 for each risk factor). Type 2 diabetic youth also had higher levels of apolipoprotein B, fibrinogen, interleukin (IL)-6, C-reactive protein, and leptin; lower adiponectin levels; and denser LDL particles (P < 0.05 for each risk factor). Adjustment for BMI, waist circumference, and A1C substantially attenuated differences in the CVD risk factors between the case/control groups, except for fibrinogen and IL-6, which remained significantly higher in type 2 diabetic youth.

CONCLUSIONS—Compared with control youth, type 2 diabetic youth have a less favorable CVD risk factor profile. Adiposity and glycemia are important contributors to differences in CVD risk profiles among type 2 diabetic and control youth. Inflammatory and prothrombotic factors may also play an important role.

Footnotes

  • Published ahead of print at http://care.diabetesjournals.org on 22 October 2008.

    Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ for details.

    The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

    • Accepted October 15, 2008.
    • Received August 4, 2008.
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  1. Published online before print October 22, 2008, doi: 10.2337/dc08-1442 Diabetes Care January 2009 vol. 32 no. 1 175-180
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