Association Between the Connexin37 Polymorphism and Peripheral Arterial Disease in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
- Naoto Katakami, MD, PHD1,
- Ken'ya Sakamoto, MD, PHD1,
- Hideaki Kaneto, MD, PHD1,
- Munehide Matsuhisa, MD, PHD1,
- Ikki Shimizu, MD, PHD2,3,
- Fukashi Ishibashi, MD, PHD4,
- Takeshi Osonoi, MD, PHD5,
- Atsunori Kashiwagi, MD, PHD6,
- Ryuzo Kawamori, MD, PHD7,
- Masatsugu Hori, MD, PHD1 and
- Yoshimitsu Yamasaki, MD, PHD1
- 1Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan;
- 2Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama City, Japan;
- 3Ehime Prefectural Imabari Hospital, Imabari, Japan;
- 4Ishibashi Clinics, Hiroshima, Japan;
- 5Naka Kinen Clinics, Naka City, Japan;
- 6Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu City, Japan;
- 7Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
- Corresponding author: Naoto Katakami, katakami{at}medone.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
Connexin37 is one of the major connexins expressed in the endothelium, monocytes, and macrophages and plays important roles in atherogenesis (1). The COOH-terminus of this protein is a substrate for specific kinase or protein partners and thereby functions as a regulatory domain (2). Because the C-to-T substitution at nucleotide 1019 in the connexin37 gene causes a proline-to-serine substitution in the regulatory COOH-terminus, and affects its function, this polymorphism is likely associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Indeed, this polymorphism has been shown to associate with the risk of coronary artery disease (3). In this study, we investigated whether this polymorphism is associated with an ankle-brachial blood pressure index (ABI), a noninvasive and established method of assessing peripheral arterial disease (PAD), which leads to poorer quality of life and higher mortality in type 2 diabetic patients (4,5).
All Japanese type 2 diabetic patients (diagnosed by diabetologists based on World Health Organization criteria) who visited the outpatient clinics of five participating hospitals (Osaka University Medical Hospital, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Ehime Prefectural Imabari Hospital, Ishibashi Clinic, and Naka Kinen Clinic) were asked to participate in this study, and 2,288 subjects were enrolled. The genotypes of the connexin37 C1019T polymorphism were determined with a fluorescence- or colorimetry-based allele-specific DNA-primer probe assay system (Toyobo Gene Analysis). The prevalence of the connexin37 C1019T genotypes was as follows: CC, 64.6%; CT, 31.1%; and TT, 4.3%. The genotype distribution was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. ABI was measured automatically using the Form PWV/ABI device (Colin, Komaki, Japan). According to generally used guidelines (5), we diagnosed the subjects based on each ABI value as follows: ≤0.90, low ABI (diagnosed as PAD); 0.91–1.30, normal ABI; >1.30, noncompressive. We thereby excluded the subjects with ABI >1.30 (n = 27).
We performed a statistical analysis in 2,261 type 2 diabetic subjects: 35.5% male, mean ± SD 60.6 ± 10.0 years of age, 6.0 ± 6.4 years duration of diabetes, 50.0% cigarette smokers, 24.0 ± 3.4 kg/m2 BMI, 6.9 ± 1.3% A1C, 60.9% hypertensive (systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or having been treated for hypertension), and 62.2% dyslipidemic (serum total cholesterol ≥220 mg/dl, serum triglycerides ≥150 mg/dl, HDL cholesterol <40 mg/dl, or having been treated for dyslipidemia). Low ABI was identified for 51 subjects, and the prevalence of low ABI was significantly higher in subjects with TT genotype than CC or CT genotype (7.2 vs. 2.0%; P = 0.0008). There were no differences among the genotypes for the other parameters including sex, age, duration of diabetes, history of smoking, BMI, A1C, presence of hypertension, and presence of dyslipidemia. Furthermore, a multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the TT genotype was a risk factor for low ABI independently of traditional risk factors (odds ratio 3.78 [95% CI 1.61–8.89]; P = 0.0023).
Because a negative ABI cannot completely rule out PAD, further studies are required to reach a conclusion. This study, however, suggests that the connexin37 C1019T polymorphism is associated with PAD in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients.
Acknowledgments
No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.
Footnotes
-
Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ for details.
- © 2009 by the American Diabetes Association.
