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Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration and Metabolic Syndrome Among Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese Individuals

Table 3

Adjusted regression coefficients of 25(OH)D with components of metabolic syndrome, A1C, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR

Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Model 4
β (SEM) P β (SEM) P β (SEM) P β (SEM) P
All (N = 3,262)
    Fasting glucose (mmol/l) −0.17 (0.08) 0.0277 −0.17 (0.08) 0.0337 −0.18 (0.08) 0.0262 −0.17 (0.08) 0.0281
    A1C (%) −0.21 (0.05) <0.0001 −0.20 (0.05) <0.0001 −0.21 (0.05) <0.0001 −0.21 (0.05) <0.0001
    Fasting insulin (pmol/l)* −0.08 (0.02) 0.0004 −0.07 (0.02) 0.0036 −0.06 (0.02) 0.0088 −0.06 (0.02) 0.0114
    HOMA-IR† −0.09 (0.02) 0.0002 −0.07 (0.02) 0.0014 −0.07 (0.02) 0.0035 −0.06 (0.02) 0.0044
    Waist circumference (cm) −1.61 (0.46) 0.0005 −1.64 (0.47) 0.0005 −1.46 (0.48) 0.0023 — —
    Triglycerides (mmol/l)‡ −0.13 (0.03) <0.0001 −0.12 (0.03) <0.0001 −0.11 (0.03) <0.0001 −0.10 (0.03) <0.0001
    HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)§ 0.07 (0.01) <0.0001 0.07 (0.02) <0.0001 0.06 (0.02) <0.0001 0.06 (0.01) <0.0001
    Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) −1.29 (0.48) 0.0072 −1.32 (0.49) 0.0074 −1.25 (0.50) 0.0122 −1.15 (0.48) 0.0169
    Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) −1.37 (0.95) 0.1486 −1.52 (0.98) 0.1185 −1.28 (0.99) 0.1964 −1.08 (0.95) 0.2577
Sex
    Men (n = 1,443)
        Triglycerides (mmol/l) −0.19 (0.04) <0.0001 −0.19 (0.04) <0.0001 −0.19 (0.04) <0.0001 −0.19 (0.04) <0.0001
        HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) 0.10 (0.02) <0.0001 0.10 (0.02) <0.0001 0.10 (0.02) <0.0001 0.10 (0.02) <0.0001
    Women (n = 1,819)
        Triglycerides (mmol/l) −0.07 (0.04) 0.0574 −0.04 (0.04) 0.2554 −0.03 (0.04) 0.4546 −0.02 (0.03) 0.5907
        HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) 0.03 (0.02) 0.0841 0.03 (0.02) 0.1182 0.02 (0.02) 0.3121 0.02 (0.02) 0.4327
Obesity status
    BMI <24 kg/m2 (n = 1,526)
        Fasting insulin (pmol/l) −0.04 (0.03) 0.2653 −0.03 (0.03) 0.4596 −0.02 (0.04) 0.5948 — —
        HOMA-IR −0.03 (0.03) 0.2977 −0.02 (0.03) 0.4530 −0.02 (0.03) 0.5874 — —
    BMI ≥24 kg/m2 (n = 1,736)
        Fasting insulin (pmol/l) −0.14 (0.03) <0.0001 −0.13 (0.03) <0.0001 −0.12 (0.03) 0.0001 — —
        HOMA-IR −0.15 (0.03) <0.0001 −0.13 (0.03) <0.0001 −0.13 (0.03) <0.0001 — —

  • 25(OH)D, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and triglycerides were log-transformed before analysis. Model 1: adjusted for age, sex (not for sex-stratified analysis), geographic location (Beijing/Shanghai), residential region (urban/rural), and visit date (April or May/June). Model 2: further adjusted for education (≤6, 7–9, or ≥10 years in school), physical activity (low, moderate, or high), smoking (current, former, or never), alcohol drinking (yes/no), family history of CVD (yes/no) and diabetes (yes/no), and self-reported CHD (yes/no) and stroke (yes/no). For fasting glucose, A1C, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR, hypertension (yes/no) was included in the model. Model 3: further adjusted for inflammatory factors (CRP and IL-6, continuous variables). Model 4: further adjusted for BMI (not for waist circumference and obesity status-stratified analysis).

  • ↵*4 participants were excluded with a missing value of fasting insulin; P for interaction between 25(OH)D and obesity status = 0.0363.

  • ↵†23 participants were excluded with a missing value of HOMA-IR; P for interaction between 25(OH)D and obesity status = 0.0187.

  • ↵‡P for interaction between 25(OH)D and sex = 0.0034.

  • ↵§P for interaction between 25(OH)D and sex = 0.0027.

This Article

  1. Published online before print April 14, 2009, doi: 10.2337/dc09-0209 Diabetes Care July 2009 vol. 32 no. 7 1278-1283
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