Microalbuminuria and Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction Are Independently Associated With Cardiovascular Mortality: Evidence for Distinct Pathways
The Hoorn Study
- Hanneke J.B.H. Beijers, MD1,
- Isabel Ferreira, PHD2,3,
- Bert Bravenboer, MD, PHD1,
- Jacqueline M. Dekker, PHD4,
- Giel Nijpels, MD, PHD4,
- Robert J. Heine, MD, PHD4,5 and
- Coen D.A. Stehouwer, MD, PHD2
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands;
- 2Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands;
- 3Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands;
- 4Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
- 5Department of Endocrinology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Corresponding author: Coen D.A. Stehouwer, cda.stehouwer{at}mumc.nl.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microalbuminuria is associated with cardiovascular mortality, particularly among individuals with type 2 diabetes, but the mechanisms underlying this association are not completely understood. Microalbuminuria is known to be associated with cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction (C-AD), and C-AD in turn is associated with cardiovascular mortality. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to investigate whether C-AD can explain the relationship between microalbuminuria and cardiovascular mortality.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 490 individuals from a population-based cohort of individuals aged 50–75 years who were followed for a median period of 13.6 years. Microalbuminuria was defined as an albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥2.0 mg/mmol in an early-morning spot-urine sample. Ten parameters reflecting different aspects of cardiovascular autonomic function were measured and compiled into a total score of C-AD (mean of separate z scores). The association between C-AD and microalbuminuria was estimated by multiple linear regression, and relative risks (RRs) for cardiovascular mortality were estimated by Cox proportional hazards analyses.
RESULTS After adjustments for age, sex, glucose tolerance status, and other risk factors, C-AD was associated with microalbuminuria (β = 0.16 [95% CI 0.01–0.33]), and both microalbuminuria (RR 2.09 [1.07–4.08]) and C-AD (1.74 [1.04–2.89]) were associated with cardiovascular mortality. These associations did not change after further mutual adjustment for C-AD (2.13 [1.09–4.17]) or microalbuminuria (1.76 [1.05–2.94]), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS Both microalbuminuria and C-AD are independently associated with cardiovascular mortality, and the excess mortality attributable to microalbuminuria cannot be explained by C-AD.
Footnotes
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The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
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- Received August 22, 2008.
- Accepted June 10, 2009.
- © 2009 by the American Diabetes Association.
