Skip to main content
  • More from ADA
    • Diabetes
    • Clinical Diabetes
    • Diabetes Spectrum
    • Standards of Medical Care
    • Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care
  • Subscribe
  • Log in
  • Follow ada on Twitter
  • RSS
  • Visit ada on Facebook
Diabetes Care

Advanced Search

Main menu

  • Home
  • Current
    • Current Issue
    • Online Ahead of Print
    • New and Noteworthy
    • Standards of Medical Care
  • Browse
    • By Topic
    • Issue Archive
    • Special Collections
    • Recent ADA Position Statements
  • Info
    • About the Journal
    • Meet the Editors
    • Reprints & Permissions
    • Journal Policies
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Advertisers
  • Subscriptions
    • Manage Online Access
    • Individual Subscriptions
    • Institutional Subscriptions
    • Purchase Single Issues
  • Alerts
    • E­mail Alerts
    • RSS Feeds
  • Podcasts
    • Diabetes Core Update
    • Diabetes Discovery
  • Submit
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • Peer Review
  • More from ADA
    • Diabetes
    • Clinical Diabetes
    • Diabetes Spectrum
    • Standards of Medical Care
    • Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care

User menu

  • Subscribe
  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
Diabetes Care
  • Home
  • Current
    • Current Issue
    • Online Ahead of Print
    • New and Noteworthy
    • Standards of Medical Care
  • Browse
    • By Topic
    • Issue Archive
    • Special Collections
    • Recent ADA Position Statements
  • Info
    • About the Journal
    • Meet the Editors
    • Reprints & Permissions
    • Journal Policies
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Advertisers
  • Subscriptions
    • Manage Online Access
    • Individual Subscriptions
    • Institutional Subscriptions
    • Purchase Single Issues
  • Alerts
    • E­mail Alerts
    • RSS Feeds
  • Podcasts
    • Diabetes Core Update
    • Diabetes Discovery
  • Submit
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • Peer Review
Original Research

Risk Factors for Hearing Impairment Among U.S. Adults With Diabetes

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004

  1. Kathleen E. Bainbridge, PHD1⇓,
  2. Howard J. Hoffman, MA1 and
  3. Catherine C. Cowie, PHD2
  1. 1Epidemiology and Statistics Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, Maryland
  2. 2Diabetes Epidemiology Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
  1. Corresponding author: Kathleen E. Bainbridge, bainbridgek{at}mail.nih.gov.
Diabetes Care 2011 Jul; 34(7): 1540-1545. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-2161
PreviousNext
  • Article
  • Figures & Tables
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

Abstract

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the risk factors of low/mid-frequency and high-frequency hearing impairment among a nationally representative sample of diabetic adults.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data came from 536 participants, aged 20–69 years, with diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes who completed audiometric testing during 1999–2004 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We defined hearing impairment as the pure-tone average >25 dB hearing level of pure-tone thresholds at low/mid-frequencies (500; 1,000; and 2,000 Hz) and high frequencies (3,000; 4,000; 6,000; and 8,000 Hz) and identified independent risk factors using logistic regression.

RESULTS Controlling for age, race/ethnicity, and marital status, odds ratios for associations with low/mid-frequency hearing impairment were 2.20 (95% CI 1.28–3.79) for HDL <40 mg/dL and 3.55 (1.57–8.03) for poor health. Controlling for age, race/ethnicity, sex, and income-to-poverty ratio, odds ratios for associations with high-frequency hearing impairment were 4.39 (1.26–15.26) for history of coronary heart disease and 4.42 (1.26–15.45) for peripheral neuropathy.

CONCLUSIONS Low HDL, coronary heart disease, peripheral neuropathy, and having poor health are potentially preventable correlates of hearing impairment for people with diabetes. Glycemic control, years since diagnosis, and type of glycemic medication were not associated with hearing impairment.

Some degree of hearing impairment affects over two-thirds of diabetic adults, about twofold higher than that of the nondiabetic population (1), yet little is known about the characteristics of those experiencing this disability. Reports (2,3) indicating that audiometric hearing thresholds are correlated with diabetes complications, poor glycemic control, or diabetes duration are often not corroborated (4–6). Although cardiovascular disease and its risk factors, including smoking, have been linked to hearing impairment in the general population (7,8), these associations are unsubstantiated among people with diabetes. One investigation (9) of diabetes complications among a population-based sample demonstrated that hearing impairment was associated with nephropathy but not with retinopathy, diabetes duration, or hemoglobin A1c (A1C). Thus, the evidence that diabetes severity is associated with the likelihood of hearing impairment is inconclusive.

Recent national survey data provide an opportunity to examine the correlates of hearing impairment in a representative sample of diabetic adults. The aim of the current study is to examine whether, among people with diabetes, hearing impairment is associated with diabetes duration, insulin use, glycemic control, cardiovascular disease risk factors, or the presence of diabetes complications.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Data, collected during 1999–2004, came from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which used a complex, multistage, probability sample representative of the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population. Of 5,418 study participants aged 20–69 years who were randomly assigned to audiometric testing, 5,147 (95.0%) completed the audiometric examination, and of those, 399 reported diagnosed diabetes when asked the question, “Other than during pregnancy (for women), have you ever been told by a doctor or health professional that you have diabetes?” Of the remaining 4,748 participants, 2,116 were randomly assigned to a fasting blood draw and were evaluated for undiagnosed diabetes using the criterion of a fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL. Seventy-five participants with undiagnosed diabetes were identified with fasting blood glucose. Of 4,673 participants not identified from the interview or fasting blood glucose as having diabetes, 62 had A1C ≥6.5% and also were classified as having undiagnosed diabetes, yielding an analytical sample of 536 individuals with diabetes.

Pure-tone audiometry signals were presented to each ear at varying intensities until the threshold at which the participant was just able to perceive the tone was identified. Air-conduction hearing thresholds in decibels hearing level (dB HL) were obtained for each ear at 500; 1,000; 2,000; 3,000; 4,000; 6,000; and 8,000 Hz by trained audiometric technicians using a calibrated Interacoustics Model AD226 audiometer with study participants in a sound-treated booth, which met the American National Standard Maximum Permissible Ambient Noise Levels for Audiometric Test Rooms (ANSI S3.1-1991).

Participants were classified as having low/mid-frequency hearing impairment if the average of the pure-tone thresholds (hereafter referred to as the pure-tone average [PTA]) measured at 500; 1,000; and 2,000 Hz in either ear exceeded 25 dB HL. If the PTA of thresholds measured at 3,000; 4,000; 6,000; and 8,000 Hz in either ear exceeded 25 dB HL, participants were classified as having high-frequency hearing impairment. A PTA of at least 25 dB HL is considered to be impairment of sufficient severity to present difficulties with understanding speech (10). Item-missing threshold data were considered as audiometric nonresponse (tone not perceived). After verifying that the average of their available pure-tone thresholds exceeded 25 dB HL, participants with audiometric nonresponse within a frequency range were classified as impaired for that range. For graphical purposes, the worse ear was defined as the ear with the greater PTA of all seven thresholds.

Demographic characteristics, including age, race/ethnicity, sex, marital status, and educational attainment were obtained during interviews. Current smoking status and history of smoking also were obtained by interview. The income-to-poverty ratio was defined as the ratio of reported total family income to the U.S. Census Bureau poverty threshold. We defined leisure-time noise exposure as a positive response to either of two questions assessing noise exposure from firearms (outside of work) or other noise sources, for an average of at least once per month for a year. Occupational noise exposure was defined as a history of loud noise at work that required speaking in a raised voice to be heard. Coronary heart disease was defined as a positive response to any of three questions asking whether a doctor had told the participant that they have coronary heart disease, angina, or had a heart attack. Participants rated their general health status during a computer-assisted interview. Questions about the current use of insulin and oral agents, and years since diabetes diagnosis, were asked of those with diagnosed diabetes.

Anthropometric and clinical measures were obtained during physical examinations that included a blood draw and clean-catch urine collection (11). BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. We defined central adiposity as a waist measurement of ≥102 cm for men or ≥88 cm for women. We defined hypertension as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or report of current antihypertensive medication use. Ankle brachial index, the ratio of systolic blood pressure in the brachial artery to that in the posterior tibial artery in the right or left ankle, was measured in participants aged ≥40 years. We defined peripheral arterial disease as an ankle brachial index <0.9. Albuminuria was defined as a ratio of urinary albumin to urinary creatinine ≥30 mg/g. Monofilament testing was administered to participants aged 40–69 years. Peripheral neuropathy was defined as having at least one insensate area of six metatarsal sites tested (three on each foot) using a standard 10-g monofilament. High cholesterol was defined as total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL, a positive response to a question of whether a health professional had ever told the participant that they have high cholesterol, or reported current use of lipid-lowering medications. Low HDL was defined as HDL <40 mg/dL. A1C was assessed by Boronate Affinity High-Performance Liquid Chromatography using Primus CLC330 and Primus CLC 385 (Primus, Kansas City, MO), and values were standardized to the method of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, yielding interassay coefficients of variation <3.0% (12). Suboptimal glycemic control was defined as A1C ≥7%. Plasma glucose was measured using a hexokinase enzymatic method with a coefficient of variation of 1.3–2.2% (11).

Data analysis

The proportions of our sample with hearing impairment at high frequencies, at low/mid-frequencies, at both frequency ranges, and not hearing-impaired were computed. Statistical differences in the distribution of sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, noise exposure, smoking, comorbidities, and characteristics of diabetes were examined with t tests (for continuous characteristics) and χ2 tests (for categorical characteristics). For the t test, values for years since diabetes diagnosis were transformed by taking their natural logarithm to better approximate the assumption of normality. The level of significance was α = 0.05. Characteristics independently associated with a greater prevalence of low/mid- and high-frequency hearing impairment were identified from odds ratios and 95% CIs were estimated using logistic regression. Models tested with peripheral neuropathy, or peripheral arterial disease, were limited to participants aged 40–69 years. Differences in the effects of covariates on the odds of hearing impairment by whether diabetes was previously diagnosed were tested with interaction terms. Analyses were performed using SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and SUDAAN version 10.0.0 (Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC), incorporating 6-year sample weights, which accounted for the probabilities of being assigned to audiometry and/or to fasting plasma glucose testing.

RESULTS

Two-thirds of subjects with diabetes had high-frequency hearing impairment (Table 1). Twenty-six percent also had low/mid-frequency hearing impairment. Less than 1% of subjects with diabetes had a low/mid-frequency hearing impairment without high-frequency involvement. Characteristics of the U.S. population with diabetes (diagnosed and undiagnosed), aged 20–69 years, are presented in Table 2 and stratified by low/mid- and high-frequency hearing impairment. Diabetic subjects with hearing impairment had a mean age of 56–57 years, which was significantly older than those without hearing impairment. Among those with hearing impairment, a lesser proportion was non-Hispanic black or Mexican American. No sex differences in low/mid-frequency hearing impairment were observed, but there was a markedly higher percentage of male subjects among the hearing-impaired at high frequencies. Diabetic adults with low/mid-frequency hearing impairment were more likely to be unmarried and to have less than a high school education, whereas no significant differences in marital or education status were found by high-frequency hearing impairment status. We found no significant differences in the proportions with hearing impairment by leisure time or occupational noise exposure.

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
Table 1

Prevalence of hearing impairment at high frequencies among the U.S. population with diabetes (diagnosed or undiagnosed) aged 20–69 years stratified by hearing impairment status at low/mid-frequencies, NHANES 1999–2004 (n = 536)

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
Table 2

Sociodemographic, noise exposure, and health characteristics of the U.S. population with diabetes (diagnosed or undiagnosed) aged 20–69 years stratified by hearing impairment status at low/mid-frequencies and high frequencies, NHANES 1999–2004 (n = 536)

Among subjects with diabetes, prevalence of low HDL was significantly greater in those who were hearing-impaired at the low/mid-frequency range, whereas the prevalence of high total cholesterol was significantly higher in those who were hearing-impaired at the high-frequency range. We observed no differences in hearing impairment by the prevalence of hypertension or current smoking status. Coronary heart disease was twice as prevalent among diabetic subjects with low/mid-frequency hearing impairment and over four times as prevalent among those with high-frequency hearing impairment compared with those without hearing impairment. Comparing diabetic subjects with high-frequency hearing impairment to those without impairment, estimates for mean BMI and the proportion with central adiposity were not in the expected direction but were not significantly different (P = 0.12). Peripheral neuropathy was experienced by 25% and peripheral arterial disease by 9% of those with high-frequency hearing impairment, about four times the prevalence of these complications among those not impaired. Higher prevalence estimates of albuminuria were observed among those with hearing impairment at both frequency ranges, although this was statistically significant at the low/mid-frequency range only. We observed no difference in the proportion with A1C ≥7%. The proportion of subjects with low/mid-frequency hearing impairment who reported being in poor health was over two times that of those without low/mid-frequency hearing impairment. Among 399 participants with diagnosed diabetes, mean diabetes duration in those with hearing impairment was 5 years greater than in those without hearing impairment but was statistically significant only at the high-frequency range. Participants with low/mid-frequency hearing impairment used insulin more frequently and oral medications less frequently (marginally significant, P = 0.08).

Adjusting for sociodemographic factors, we found that low HDL levels increased the odds of low/mid-frequency hearing impairment by 2.2-fold (Table 3). Those who reported poor health were over three times as likely to have low/mid-frequency hearing impairment. Subjects who reported coronary heart disease or peripheral neuropathy had over four times the odds of high-frequency hearing impairment. We found no evidence of effect modification of any covariate by diagnosed versus undiagnosed diabetes. Suboptimal glycemic control, years since diagnosis, type of glycemic medication, BMI, and high total cholesterol were not significantly related to hearing impairment at either frequency range. Age-adjusted mean pure-tone thresholds from the worse ear are presented by the presence or absence of low HDL (Fig. 1A), coronary heart disease (Fig. 1B), peripheral neuropathy (Fig. 1C), and poor self-reported health (Fig. 1D). Subjects with low HDL and coronary heart disease and those who reported poor health had higher thresholds at all frequencies than subjects without these conditions. Subjects with peripheral neuropathy had higher thresholds at frequencies >1,000 Hz.

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
Table 3

Associations between risk factors for low/mid-frequency and high-frequency hearing impairment among the U.S. population with diabetes (diagnosed or undiagnosed) aged 20–69 years (low/mid-frequency model) or aged 40–69 years (high-frequency model)

Figure 1
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Figure 1

A: Age-adjusted mean of pure-tone thresholds assessed in the worse ear among U.S. adults aged 20–69 years, by HDL status, NHANES 1999–2004. B: Age-adjusted mean of pure-tone thresholds assessed in the worse ear among U.S. adults aged 20–69 years, by coronary heart disease status, NHANES 1999–2004. C: Age-adjusted mean of pure-tone thresholds assessed in the worse ear among U.S. adults aged 40–69 years, by peripheral neuropathy status, NHANES 1999–2004. D: Age-adjusted mean of pure-tone thresholds assessed in the worse ear among U.S. adults aged 20–69 years, by self-reported health status, NHANES 1999–2004. (A high-quality color representation of this figure is available in the online issue.)

CONCLUSIONS

Diabetes-related hearing loss has been described as a progressive, sensorineural impairment (5) affecting audiometric thresholds between 500 and 8,000 Hz (1). Presbycusis, or age-related hearing loss, typically begins in the higher frequencies and progresses to the middle and then lower frequencies as people age. Correlates of high-frequency hearing loss may indicate characteristics of those in an earlier stage of presbycusis, and subjects who additionally have low/mid-frequency hearing impairment are more likely to have had hearing impairment for a longer period of time. Thus, we evaluated correlates of low/mid- and high-frequency hearing impairment in a nationally representative sample of diabetic adults aged 20–69 years.

We observed strong associations with age and race at both frequency ranges that are consistent with evidence from the general population (13). Despite the higher prevalence of diabetes complications, such as retinopathy and nephropathy, among non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans (14,15), these groups had lower prevalence of hearing impairment compared with non-Hispanic whites or people from other minority race/ethnicity groups. The higher odds of high-frequency hearing impairment among male subjects than female subjects is possibly attributed to residual confounding by industrial and/or recreational noise exposure, for which self-reported measures often are inadequate. Excessive noise commonly affects hair cells sensitive to signals of 4,000–6,000 Hz, and elevated thresholds in this range are more commonly observed among male subjects (16). We observed greater prevalence of high- frequency hearing impairment among those with a lower income-to-poverty ratio, consistent with previously described socioeconomic inequalities (17). In addition to exposure to noisy environmental conditions (18), subjects of lower socioeconomic status may have a history of inadequate glycemic control, for which we are unable to adjust adequately because we have only one A1C measurement. We observed a greater prevalence of low/mid-frequency hearing impairment among unmarried subjects. Cruickshanks et al. (19) have reported greater risk of hearing impairment among unmarried subjects over 10 years of follow-up, but the role of marital status in the development of hearing impairment remains unknown.

There is debate about whether diabetes affects hearing through angiopathic or neuropathic mechanisms (20). We found hearing impairment in the low/mid- and high-frequency range to be associated with low HDL and coronary heart disease history, respectively. These observations support the hypothesis that diabetes-related hearing loss accompanies an atherosclerotic mechanism affecting the inner ear that also may occur subsequent to an ischemic event. There are no population-based studies of subjects with diabetes with which to compare our findings, but Gates et al. (7) described elevated low/mid-frequency pure-tone thresholds among male subjects (but not female subjects) of the Framingham Cohort Study with confirmed myocardial infarction and reported a greater occurrence of low/mid-frequency hearing impairment among both male and female subjects with confirmed coronary heart disease. Our evidence agrees with observations by Gates et al. (7) who found an inverse relationship between HDL and low/mid-frequency PTA among women. Findings from a study of middle-aged men in military occupations further support an atherosclerotic mechanism based on modest associations of high total cholesterol and high triglycerides with hearing impairment after adjusting for diabetes (21). It is important to note that we observed no association between hearing impairment and albuminuria, an outcome related to microvascular disease. The elevated odds of hearing impairment among non-Hispanic white subjects that we observed compared with non-Hispanic black or Mexican-American subjects also is incongruent with usual race/ethnic patterns of microvascular complications, such as nephropathy or retinopathy (14,15).

We observed a strong association of high-frequency hearing impairment with peripheral neuropathy. Diabetic neuropathy is a well-established complication of uncontrolled hyperglycemia, but there is little population-based evidence of a correlation with hearing function despite the hypotheses that diabetes or hyperglycemia may affect the sensory neurons of the inner ear, involve the VIII nerve, or influence central auditory processing (22,23). Several studies have examined the effect of diabetic neuropathy on audiometric threshold levels with small samples of patients with type 1 diabetes, but overall evidence is inconclusive as to the independent effects of neuropathy, other complications, diabetes duration, or glycemic control (2–6). A previous epidemiologic investigation of type 2 diabetes and hearing impairment found no association for either diabetes duration or A1C, findings that our study corroborates (9).

We acknowledge the limitations to this analysis. Our sample is derived from noninstitutionalized adults, so we are unable to generalize to subjects in nursing homes, where more severe disability might be expected. We cannot differentiate subjects with type 1 diabetes from those with type 2 diabetes, but note that 90–95% of the diabetic adults in our nationally representative sample are likely to have type 2 diabetes (24). Temporal relationships between our covariates and hearing impairment remain ambiguous as a result of the cross-sectional nature of the data. There also may be some errors in the measurement of independent variables. Years since diabetes diagnosis is an imperfect proxy for disease duration, particularly if pathogenic changes accompany hyperglycemic states prior to diabetes diagnosis (25).

In summary, hearing impairment is not widely recognized as a complication of diabetes despite its occurrence in as many as two-thirds of our diabetic sample. Among U.S. adults with diabetes, we identified a greater likelihood of hearing impairment for those who are older, non-Hispanic white, male, or who have lower income. Diabetic subjects with low HDL, a history of coronary heart disease, symptoms of peripheral neuropathy, or those who report poor health also exhibited a greater likelihood of hearing impairment. Longitudinal research will be important in delineating the natural history of hyperglycemia, diabetes duration, and the presence of diabetes complications in the occurrence of hearing impairment.

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (HHSN267200700001G).

No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.

K.E.B. researched data and wrote the manuscript. H.J.H. and C.C.C. researched data, contributed to discussion, and reviewed and edited the manuscript.

Parts of this study were presented in abstract and poster form at the 69th Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association, New Orleans, Louisiana, 5–9 June 2009.

The authors thank Laura Fang, MS, from Social & Scientific Systems, for programming support.

  • Received November 16, 2010.
  • Accepted April 5, 2011.
  • © 2011 by the American Diabetes Association.

Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ for details.

References

  1. ↵
    1. Bainbridge KE,
    2. Hoffman HJ,
    3. Cowie CC
    . Diabetes and hearing impairment in the United States: audiometric evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2004. Ann Intern Med 2008;149:1–10pmid:18559825
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  2. ↵
    1. Kurien M,
    2. Thomas K,
    3. Bhanu TS
    . Hearing threshold in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Laryngol Otol 1989;103:164–168pmid:2926261
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  3. ↵
    1. Celik O,
    2. Yalçin S,
    3. Celebi H,
    4. Oztürk A
    . Hearing loss in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Auris Nasus Larynx 1996;23:127–132pmid:8809334
    OpenUrlPubMed
  4. ↵
    1. Cullen JR,
    2. Cinnamond MJ
    . Hearing loss in diabetics. J Laryngol Otol 1993;107:179–182pmid:8509689
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  5. ↵
    1. Parving A,
    2. Elberling C,
    3. Balle V,
    4. Parbo J,
    5. Dejgaard A,
    6. Parving HH
    . Hearing disorders in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Audiology 1990;29:113–121pmid:2383211
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  6. ↵
    1. Ferrer JP,
    2. Biurrun O,
    3. Lorente J,
    4. et al
    . Auditory function in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1991;11:17–22pmid:2019230
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  7. ↵
    1. Gates GA,
    2. Cobb JL,
    3. D’Agostino RB,
    4. Wolf PA
    . The relation of hearing in the elderly to the presence of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993;119:156–161pmid:8427676
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  8. ↵
    1. Cruickshanks KJ,
    2. Klein R,
    3. Klein BE,
    4. Wiley TL,
    5. Nondahl DM,
    6. Tweed TS
    . Cigarette smoking and hearing loss: the epidemiology of hearing loss study. JAMA 1998;279:1715–1719pmid:9624024
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  9. ↵
    1. Dalton DS,
    2. Cruickshanks KJ,
    3. Klein R,
    4. Klein BE,
    5. Wiley TL
    . Association of NIDDM and hearing loss. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1540–1544pmid:9727906
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  10. ↵
    1. Gelfand SA
    . Essentials of Audiology. 2nd ed. New York, Thieme, 2001
  11. ↵
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data examination and laboratory protocols [Internet], 1999–2003. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm. Accessed 31 October 2010
  12. ↵
    1. Little RR,
    2. Wiedmeyer HM,
    3. England JD,
    4. et al
    . Interlaboratory standardization of measurements of glycohemoglobins. Clin Chem 1992;38:2472–2478pmid:1458587
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  13. ↵
    1. Agrawal Y,
    2. Platz EA,
    3. Niparko JK
    . Prevalence of hearing loss and differences by demographic characteristics among US adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:1522–1530pmid:18663164
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  14. ↵
    1. Zhang X,
    2. Saaddine JB,
    3. Chou C-F,
    4. et al
    . Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the United States, 2005-2008. JAMA 2010;304:649–656pmid:20699456
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  15. ↵
    U.S. Renal Data System. USRDS 2010 Annual Data Report: Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States. Bethesda, MD, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2010
  16. ↵
    1. Nondahl DM,
    2. Shi X,
    3. Cruickshanks KJ,
    4. et al
    . Notched audiograms and noise exposure history in older adults. Ear Hear 2009;30:696–703pmid:19633561
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  17. ↵
    1. Helvik AS,
    2. Krokstad S,
    3. Tambs K
    . Socioeconomic inequalities in hearing loss in a healthy population sample: the HUNT study. Am J Public Health 2009;99:1376–1378pmid:19542048
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  18. ↵
    1. Evans GW,
    2. Kantrowitz E
    . Socioeconomic status and health: the potential role of environmental risk exposure. Annu Rev Public Health 2002;23:303–331pmid:11910065
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  19. ↵
    1. Cruickshanks KJ,
    2. Nondahl DM,
    3. Tweed TS,
    4. et al
    . Education, occupation, noise exposure history and the 10-yr cumulative incidence of hearing impairment in older adults. Hear Res 2010;264:3–9pmid:19853647
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  20. ↵
    1. Fowler PD,
    2. Jones NS
    . Diabetes and hearing loss. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1999;24:3–8pmid:10196639
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  21. ↵
    1. Sakuta H,
    2. Suzuki T,
    3. Yasuda H,
    4. Ito T
    . Type 2 diabetes and hearing loss in personnel of the Self-Defense Forces. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007;75:229–234pmid:16963152
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  22. ↵
    1. Friedman SA,
    2. Schulman RH,
    3. Weiss S
    . Hearing and diabetic neuropathy. Arch Intern Med 1975;135:573–576pmid:1138672
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  23. ↵
    1. Vaughan N,
    2. James K,
    3. McDermott D,
    4. Griest S,
    5. Fausti S
    . Auditory brainstem response differences in diabetic and non-diabetic veterans. J Am Acad Audiol 2007;18:863–871pmid:18496995
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  24. ↵
    National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. National diabetes statistics, 2007 [article online], 2008. Available from http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/index.htm. Accessed 16 November 2010
  25. ↵
    1. Harris MI,
    2. Klein R,
    3. Welborn TA,
    4. Knuiman MW
    . Onset of NIDDM occurs at least 4-7 yr before clinical diagnosis. Diabetes Care 1992;15:815–819pmid:1516497
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
View Abstract
PreviousNext
Back to top
Diabetes Care: 34 (7)

In this Issue

July 2011, 34(7)
  • Table of Contents
  • About the Cover
  • Index by Author
Sign up to receive current issue alerts
View Selected Citations (0)
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Diabetes Care.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Risk Factors for Hearing Impairment Among U.S. Adults With Diabetes
(Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Diabetes Care
(Your Name) thought you would like to see this page from the Diabetes Care web site.
Citation Tools
Risk Factors for Hearing Impairment Among U.S. Adults With Diabetes
Kathleen E. Bainbridge, Howard J. Hoffman, Catherine C. Cowie
Diabetes Care Jul 2011, 34 (7) 1540-1545; DOI: 10.2337/dc10-2161

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Add to Selected Citations
Share

Risk Factors for Hearing Impairment Among U.S. Adults With Diabetes
Kathleen E. Bainbridge, Howard J. Hoffman, Catherine C. Cowie
Diabetes Care Jul 2011, 34 (7) 1540-1545; DOI: 10.2337/dc10-2161
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
    • RESULTS
    • CONCLUSIONS
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Figures & Tables
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

Cited By...

More in this TOC Section

Original Research

  • Using Indirect Measures to Identify Geographic Hot Spots of Poor Glycemic Control: Cross-sectional Comparisons With an A1C Registry
  • Cost-effectiveness of a New Opportunistic Screening Strategy for Walk-in Fingertip HbA1c Testing at Community Pharmacies in Japan
  • Type 2 Diabetes in Relation to the Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma Among Men and Women in Two Large Prospective Cohort Studies
Show more 3

Epidemiology/Health Services Research

  • Meat Cooking Methods and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results From Three Prospective Cohort Studies
  • Impact of Body Weight Loss From Maximum Weight on Fragility Bone Fractures in Japanese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The Fukuoka Diabetes Registry
  • Obesity Progression Between Young Adulthood and Midlife and Incident Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study of U.S. Adults
Show more 3

Similar Articles

Navigate

  • Current Issue
  • Online Ahead of Print
  • Archives
  • Submit
  • Subscribe
  • Email Alerts
  • RSS Feeds

More Information

  • About the Journal
  • Instructions for Authors
  • Journal Policies
  • Reprints and Permissions
  • Advertising
  • Privacy Policy: ADA Journals
  • Copyright Notice/Public Access Policy
  • Contact Us

Other ADA Resources

  • Diabetes
  • Clinical Diabetes
  • Diabetes Spectrum
  • BMJ Open - Diabetes Research & Care
  • Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
  • Scientific Sessions Abstracts
  • Professional Books
  • Diabetes Forecast

 

  • DiabetesJournals.org
  • Diabetes Core Update
  • ADA's DiabetesPro
  • ADA Member Directory
  • Diabetes.org

© 2018 by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care Print ISSN: 0149-5992, Online ISSN: 1935-5548.