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Original Articles

Smoking Is Associated With Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy

  1. Peter T Sawicki, MD,
  2. Ulrike Didjurgeit,
  3. Ingrid Mühlhauser, MD,
  4. Ralf Bender, PHD,
  5. Lutz Heinemann, PHD and
  6. Michael Berger, MD
  1. Department of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Diabetes, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
  1. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Peter T. Sawicki, MD, MNR-Klinik, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Diisseldorf, Germany.
Diabetes Care 1994 Feb; 17(2): 126-131. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.17.2.126
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between cigarette smoking and the progression of diabetic nephropathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A prospective, follow-up study over one year was conducted in a sequential sample of 34 smokers, 35 nonsmokers, and 24 ex-smokers with type I diabetes, hypertension, and diabetic nephropathy. Progression of renal disease was defined according to the stage of nephropathy as an increase in proteinuria or serum creatinine or a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate.

RESULTS Progression of nephropathy was less common in nonsmokers (11%) than in smokers (53%) and patients who had quit smoking (33%), P > 0.001. In a stepwise logistic regression analysis, cigarette pack years, 24-h sodium excretion, and GHb were independent predictive factors for the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Because blood pressure (BP) was well controlled in these patients and most values were within a normotensive range, neither standing, sitting, nor supine BP values were associated with progression of nephropathy.

CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoking represents an important factor associated with progression of nephropathy in treated hypertensive type I diabetic patients.

  • Received January 12, 1993.
  • Accepted August 19, 1993.
  • Copyright © 1994 by the American Diabetes Association

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February 1994, 17(2)
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Smoking Is Associated With Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy
Peter T Sawicki, Ulrike Didjurgeit, Ingrid Mühlhauser, Ralf Bender, Lutz Heinemann, Michael Berger
Diabetes Care Feb 1994, 17 (2) 126-131; DOI: 10.2337/diacare.17.2.126

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Smoking Is Associated With Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy
Peter T Sawicki, Ulrike Didjurgeit, Ingrid Mühlhauser, Ralf Bender, Lutz Heinemann, Michael Berger
Diabetes Care Feb 1994, 17 (2) 126-131; DOI: 10.2337/diacare.17.2.126
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