Postchallenge Hyperglycemia and Mortality in a National Sample of U.S. Adults
Article Figures & Tables
Tables
- Table 1—
Baseline characteristics of 3,092 NHANES II participants aged 30 to 74 years by 2-h postchallenge glucose level
2-h glucose <11.1 mmol/l (n = 2,856) 2-h glucose ≥11.1 mmol/l (n = 236) Age (years)* 48.8 ± 0.30 58.2 ± 1.03 Female (%) 53.9 58.7 White (%) 89.5 84.5 Education less than high school (%)* 34.5 52.9 Ever smoker (%) 61.7 57.6 Physical activity (i.e., low to moderate) 25.2 32.8 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)* 127.3 ± 0.83 143.7 ± 1.96 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)* 79.1 ± 0.53 84.3 ± 0.81 BMI kg/m2 (%)* <25 49.9 24.4 25 ≤ to <27 17.6 14.6 27 ≤ to <30 17.6 19.6 ≥30 14.9 41.4 Total cholesterol–to–HDL cholesterol ratio 4.7 ± 0.06 5.4 ± 0.18 Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)* 5.1 ± 0.02 7.7 ± 0.23 History of CVD (%)* 8.6 20.4 Diagnosed diabetes (%)* 1.5 19.7 -
Data are means ± SD or %.
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↵* P < 0.05 for comparison of those with 2-h glucose <11.1 mmol/l vs. 2-h glucose ≥11.1 mmol/l.
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- Table 2—
All-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality by fasting and 2-h postchallenge glucose group for 3,092 adults aged 30 to 74 years in NHANES II
Fasting plasma glucose <7.0 mmol/l Fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/l 2-h plasma glucose (mmol/l) 2-h plasma glucose (mmol/l) <7.8 7.8 to 11.1 ≥11.1 <7.8 7.8 to 11.1 ≥11.1 Participants 2,321 503 131 9 23 105 Person years 31,877 6,533 1,604 125 241 1,230 Deaths 416 137 47 2 11 48 CVD deaths 181 59 23 0 8 27 All-cause Mortality per 1,000 PY 13.1 21.0 29.3 16.0 45.6 39.0 RH (95% CI)* 1.0 Reference 1.3 (1.0, 1.6) 1.6 (1.0, 2.6) — — 2.1 (1.4, 3.2) RH (95% CI)† 1.0 Reference 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) 1.3 (0.7, 2.5) — — 1.9 (1.1, 3.2) CVD death Mortality per 1,000 PY 5.7 9.0 14.3 0 33.2 22.0 RH (95% CI)* 1.0 Reference 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) 1.4 (0.8, 2.5) — — 2.3 (1.4, 3.6) RH (95% CI)† 1.0 Reference 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) 1.3 (0.6, 2.8) — — 1.6 (0.8, 3.4) -
Data are n unless otherwise stated. — Too few events for stable estimate.
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↵* RH and 95% CI adjusted for age (continuous) and sex;
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↵† adjusted for age (continuous), sex, race (white, nonwhite), education (<high school, ≥high school), smoking (ever, never), physical activity (low, high), BMI (<25, 25≤ to <27, 27≤ to <30, ≥30 kg/m2), systolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol–to–HDL cholesterol ratio (continuous). PY, person years.
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- Table 3—
RH and 95% CI for all-cause and CVD mortality for 1 SD increment in plasma glucose for 3,092 adults aged 30–74 years in NHANES II
All-cause mortality CVD Mortality Fasting glucose 2-h glucose Fasting glucose 2-h glucose Model 1 RH* 1.10 1.14 1.09 1.13 95% CI 1.00–1.22 1.00–1.29 0.95–1.25 0.93–1.38 P value β 0.02 0.03 0.56 0.61 Model 2 RH* 1.05 1.10 1.02 1.07 95% CI 0.89–1.23 0.91–1.33 0.79–1.32 0.78–1.46 P value β 0.37 0.59 0.85 0.67 -
Model 1, proportional hazards model adjusts for either fasting or 2-h glucose; model 2, proportional hazards model adjusts for fasting and 2-h glucose simultaneously. SD for fasting glucose 1.18 mmol/l and for 2-h glucose 3.18 mmol/l.
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↵* Adjusted for age (continuous), sex, race (white, nonwhite), education (<high school, ≥high school), smoking (ever, never), physical activity (low, high), BMI (<25, 25≤ to <27, 27≤ to <30, ≥30 kg/m2), systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol–to–HDL cholesterol ratio (continuous).
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- Table 4—
RH (95% CI) for all-cause and CVD mortality by 1997 ADA and 1998 WHO criteria for 3,092 adults aged 30–74 years in NHANES II
Normal glucose tolerance Impaired fasting glucose Undiagnosed diabetes Diagnosed diabetes ADA n 2,706 193 97 96 All-cause RH (95% CI) Reference 1.08 (0.70–1.67) 1.41 (0.77–2.58) 1.86 (1.03–3.15) CVD RH (95% CI) Reference 0.65 (0.31–1.34) 1.23 (0.49–3.07) 1.70 (1.02–2.84) WHO n 2,226 555 215 96 All-cause RH (95% CI) Reference 1.14 (0.80–1.63) 1.36 (0.84–2.21) 1.89 (1.07–3.36) CVD RH (95% CI) Reference 0.93 (0.57–1.51) 1.21 (0.62–2.39) 1.76 (1.03–3.01) -
Participants with impaired fasting glucose (defined as 2-h glucose <7.8 mmol/l and fasting glucose ≥6.1 and <7.0 mmol/l) (n = 76) were excluded from the analysis because of small numbers. There were 26 deaths among these participants.
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* Adjusted for age (continuous), sex, race (white, non-white), education (<high school, ≥high school), smoking (ever, never), physical activity (low, high), BMI (<25, 25≤ to <27, 27≤ to <30, ≥30 kg/m2), systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol–to–HDL cholesterol ratio (continuous).
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