Skip to main content
  • More from ADA
    • Diabetes
    • Clinical Diabetes
    • Diabetes Spectrum
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care
  • Subscribe
  • Log in
  • Log out
  • My Cart
  • Follow ada on Twitter
  • RSS
  • Visit ada on Facebook
Diabetes Care

Advanced Search

Main menu

  • Home
  • Current
    • Current Issue
    • Online Ahead of Print
    • Special Article Collections
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care
  • Browse
    • By Topic
    • Issue Archive
    • Saved Searches
    • Special Article Collections
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care
  • Info
    • About the Journal
    • About the Editors
    • ADA Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • Guidance for Reviewers
  • Reprints/Reuse
  • Advertising
  • Subscriptions
    • Individual Subscriptions
    • Institutional Subscriptions and Site Licenses
    • Access Institutional Usage Reports
    • Purchase Single Issues
  • Alerts
    • E­mail Alerts
    • RSS Feeds
  • Podcast
  • Submit
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • ADA Peer Review
  • More from ADA
    • Diabetes
    • Clinical Diabetes
    • Diabetes Spectrum
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care

User menu

  • Subscribe
  • Log in
  • Log out
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Diabetes Care
  • Home
  • Current
    • Current Issue
    • Online Ahead of Print
    • Special Article Collections
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care
  • Browse
    • By Topic
    • Issue Archive
    • Saved Searches
    • Special Article Collections
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care
  • Info
    • About the Journal
    • About the Editors
    • ADA Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • Guidance for Reviewers
  • Reprints/Reuse
  • Advertising
  • Subscriptions
    • Individual Subscriptions
    • Institutional Subscriptions and Site Licenses
    • Access Institutional Usage Reports
    • Purchase Single Issues
  • Alerts
    • E­mail Alerts
    • RSS Feeds
  • Podcast
  • Submit
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • ADA Peer Review
Epidemiology/Health Services/Psychosocial Research

Screening for MODY Mutations, GAD Antibodies, and Type 1 Diabetes– Associated HLA Genotypes in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

  1. Jianping Weng, MD, PHD1,
  2. Magnus Ekelund, MD1,
  3. Markku Lehto, PHD1,
  4. Haiyan Li, BM1,
  5. Göran Ekberg, MD1,
  6. Anders Frid, MD, PHD2,
  7. Anders Åberg, MD, PHD3,
  8. Leif C. Groop, MD, PHD1 and
  9. Kerstin Berntorp, MD, PHD1
  1. 1Department of Endocrinology, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
  2. 2Department of Internal Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  3. 3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lund University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
    Diabetes Care 2002 Jan; 25(1): 68-71. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.25.1.68
    PreviousNext
    • Article
    • Figures & Tables
    • Info & Metrics
    • PDF
    Loading

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVE—To investigate whether genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes or maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) increases susceptibility to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

    RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We studied mutations in MODY1–4 genes, the presence of GAD antibodies, and HLA DQB1 risk genotypes in 66 Swedish women with GDM and a family history of diabetes. An oral glucose tolerance test was repeated in 46 women at 1 year postpartum.

    RESULTS—There was no increase in type 1 diabetes–associated HLA-DQB1 alleles or GAD antibodies when compared with a group of type 2 diabetic patients (n = 82) or healthy control subjects (n = 86). Mutations in known MODY genes were identified in 3 of the 66 subjects (1 MODY2, 1 MODY3, and 1 MODY4). Of the 46 GDM subjects, 2 had diabetes (4%) and 17 had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (37%) at 1 year postpartum. Of the two subjects who developed manifest diabetes, one carried a MODY3 mutation (A203H in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α gene). There was no increase in high-risk HLA alleles or GAD antibodies in the women who had manifest diabetes or IGT at 1 year postpartum.

    CONCLUSIONS—MODY mutations but not autoimmunity contribute to GDM in Swedish women with a family history of diabetes and increase the risk of subsequent diabetes.

    • GCK, glucokinase
    • GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus
    • HNF, hepatocyte nuclear factor
    • IGT, impaired glucose tolerance
    • IPF1, insulin promoter factor-1
    • MODY, maturity-onset diabetes of the young
    • NGT, normal glucose tolerance
    • OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
    • PCR, polymerase chain reaction
    • SSCP, single-strand conformation polymorphism

    In Western society, ∼1–3% of pregnant women are diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (1,2). This figure is even higher in populations with a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes (3), but does not seem to be different in countries with a high prevalence of type 1 diabetes (4). In a population study in southern Sweden, the prevalence of GDM was rather low (1.2%), using a 2-h capillary glucose value ≥9.0 mmol/l during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at gestational week 27–28 for the diagnosis of GDM. Importantly, if the 2-h value exceeded 7.8 mmol/l, there was an increased frequency of cesarean section and infant macrosomia (5).

    GD may also be heterogeneous, and the relative contribution of impaired β-cell function and insulin resistance could differ. A genetic component seems established because GDM clusters in families (6). However, since GDM women often have mothers with diabetes (7), it has also been suggested that the intrauterine environment may contribute to GDM (8). Obesity is also associated with an increased risk for GDM, but its contribution may differ between different populations. In most women glucose intolerance during pregnancy is temporary and reverses to normal after delivery. However, it is noteworthy that women with a history of GDM have an increased risk of developing diabetes later in life (9,10).

    Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a monogenic form of type 2 diabetes that is inherited in an autosomal-dominant fashion and expressed at an early age, usually before the age of 25 years. Genetic defects in five genes are known to cause MODY, i.e., the hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α (HNF-4α) (MODY1), glucokinase (GCK) (MODY2), the HNF-1α gene (MODY3), insulin promoter factor-1 (IPF1) (MODY4), and HNF-1β (MODY5) (11). All known forms of MODY are primarily linked with pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Previous studies have shown that mutations in the GCK (MODY2) gene could explain ∼5–6% of GD in different populations (12,13,14). In our previous study of early onset diabetes, 11 of 29 diabetic women with MODY3 (38%) had had GDM (15). These previous findings prompted us to investigate whether MODY1–4 gene mutations increase susceptibility to GDM in Swedish subjects or whether the presence of such mutations is associated with an increased risk of subsequent diabetes.

    RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

    During the period of March 1996 to June 1999, 110 Swedish women attending antenatal care centers in the geographical area of Malmö and Lund were identified with GDM. To increase the likelihood of finding MODY mutations, we also used a family history of diabetes as selection criteria. All 66 (66 of 110 [60%]) of the selected GDM subjects, aged (mean ± SD) 31.4 ± 4.5 years at diagnosis had at least one first- or second-degree relative with diabetes. The diagnosis of GDM was based on a 75-g OGTT at week 27–28 of pregnancy or at week 12 in women at risk (previous GDM or a family history of diabetes). GDM was defined as a 2-h capillary glucose concentration of at least 9 mmol/l. Of the GDM subjects, 11 (17%) were treated with insulin, and the others were treated with diet alone.

    The frequency of HLA-DQB1 alleles [02/0302, 0302/X, 02/X, and 0602(3)/X] was tested by dot-blotting as previously described (16). A total of 82 unrelated subjects with type 2 diabetes and 86 subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) served as controls for HLA typing (Table 1). GAD autoantibodies were tested by radioimmunoassay as described previously (16).

    Mutation screening of MODY1–3 genes was performed by using a fluorescent single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique. The first-strand polymerase chain reaction (PCR) synthesis was performed by using tailed primers. The second-strand PCR synthesis was performed by using fluorescent primers specific to tails: CAC GAA TTC CCA GAG TCC (forward) and CAA CTG CAG ACA CGT ACC (reverse). The mutation screening of the IPF1 (MODY4) gene was performed by radioactive-SSCP analysis. The amplified fragments ranged in size between 187 and 424 bp. For fluorescent SSCP (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) analyses, 1 μl (FAM), 2 μl (TET), and 4 μl (HEX) were pooled and adjusted with water to a total volume of 10 μl. An aliquot of the pool (0.8 μl) was mixed with 1.4 μl denaturation buffer (G-500TAMRA, formamide and loading buffer). Before loading onto the gel (36-cm plates; 6% acrylamide/bisacrylamide, 50:1 dilution) samples were denatured at 90°C for 5 min. The gels were run in two nondenaturing conditions including 5% glycerol or 10% sucrose. Electrophoresis was performed with an ABI377 DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster city, CA) by using power (60 W) as a constant limiting factor for 10 h. An external cooling system (Neslab Instruments, Portsmouth, NH) was used to maintain constant gel temperature (30°C) during electrophoresis. The gels were analyzed with a GeneScan 2.1.1a and Genotyper 2.0 software (Perkin Elmer). After SSCP analysis, each sample with mobility shift was sequenced with original primers on both strands, as previously described (17). The sequences of the primers and the PCR conditions are available from the authors upon request.

    The statistical analysis was carried out using Biomedical Data Processing (BMDP, Los Angeles, CA) statistical software. The significance of the difference between group frequencies was tested with χ2 or Fisher’s exact tests, and between-group means were tested with Mann-Whitney U or Kruskall-Wallis tests.

    RESULTS

    In 66 Swedish GDM subjects with a family history of diabetes, the mutation screening of MODY1–4 genes resulted in the identification of three amino acid substitutions: A303R (CGG-TGG) in the GCK (MODY2) gene, A203H (CGT-CAT) in the HNF-1α (MODY3) gene, and P239Q (CCG-CAG) in the IPF-1 (MODY4) gene. The woman who carried the MODY3 gene mutation developed diabetes 1 year postpartum. However, she did not require insulin during the pregnancy. The woman who carried the MODY2 gene mutation was pregnant again 1 year postpartum. She also developed GDM during this pregnancy, with insulin requirements from gestational week 25. The patient with the MODY4 gene mutation required insulin during pregnancy but had NGT after 1 year of follow-up. All three women with MODY mutations were GAD antibody–negative.

    An OGTT was repeated in 46 GDM subjects 1 year postpartum to study the subsequent incidence of diabetes. Of these subjects, 2 (4%) had developed diabetes, 17 (37%) had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 27 (59%) had NGT according to World Health Organization criteria.

    Only two GDM women (3%) were GAD antibody–positive (Table 1). One of them had NGT and the other one IGT at the 1-year follow-up. There were no significant differences in the HLA-DQB1 risk (02/0302, 0302/X, and 02/X) or protective [0602(3)/X] genotype frequency among GDM subjects, type 2 diabetic patients, and NGT subjects. However, the frequency of the 02/X genotype was significantly higher in GDM group than in NGT subjects (26 vs. 13%; P = 0,036), but when corrected for the number of genotypes tested, this difference was no longer statistically significant (Table 2). The prevalence of the HLA-DQB1 risk genotype among 44 GDM women without a family history of diabetes was similar to the prevalence in women with GDM and a family history of diabetes (19 of 43 [44%]). Of these 44 women, 2 (4.5%) were GAD antibody–positive. There was no difference in DQB1 risk genotype frequency between patients who developed diabetes or IGT (8 of 18 [44%]) and those who maintained NGT 1 year postpartum (12 of 27 [44%]).

    CONCLUSIONS

    Because MODY5 is rare in Scandinavia and usually associated with severe cystic kidney disease (18), we screened only MODY1–4 genes for mutations, which resulted in the identification of mutations in 3 of 66 women, i.e., one MODY2, one MODY3, and one MODY4. Previous studies indicate that women with MODY mutations often present with GDM (12,13,14,15,19). It is important to identify these women because they have a predictable clinical course, and the autosomal-dominant inheritance means that their children have a 50% risk of being affected. All amino acids at codons 303 (Arg) of GCK, 203 (Arg) of HNF-1α, and 239 (Pro) of IPF1 are conserved between the human, mouse, and rat protein sequences. The A203H of HNF-1α has been associated with MODY in one previously described Japanese family (11). Expression of the IPF-1 variant (P239Q) in Nes2y cells showed a ∼50% reduction in their ability to activate insulin gene transcription compared with wild-type IPF-1, and carriers of these variants also had a reduced insulin/glucose ratio during the OGTT (20). It is possible that the IPF-1 and GCK variants are less diabetogenic than the HNF-1α variant, because the woman with the IPF-1 variant maintained NGT 1 year postpartum, and the sister to the woman with the MODY2 mutation developed GDM, despite being negative for the GCK mutation.

    A number of studies have addressed the presence of immunological predictive markers of type 1 diabetes, such as islet cell antibodies, insulin autoantibodies, and GAD autoantibodies in women with GDM. Recent studies applying more specific and sensitive assays suggest a low prevalence of such markers in GDM (21). We found that 3% of our women with GDM were GAD antibody–positive, which was not different when compared with control subjects. Similarly, a Danish follow-up study found that 2.2% of women with previous GDM were GAD antibody–positive (22).

    Women with GDM have an increased lifetime risk of developing manifest diabetes (9,10). However, the prevalence figures differ depending on differences in diagnostic criteria and study populations. In a population study from southern Sweden, using the same diagnostic criteria as in the present study (5), 9% of the GDM women had manifest diabetes and 22% were IGT at 1 year postpartum (23). The figures were even higher in the present study group, with 41% having abnormal glucose tolerance at 1 year follow-up. This discrepancy could be explained by differences in selection criteria because all women in the present study had a family history of diabetes.

    Two Danish follow-up studies of women with previous GDM found that women who stayed glucose-tolerant or developed type 2 diabetes had the same frequency of HLA-DR antigens as found in the background population, whereas women who developed type 1 diabetes had a pattern similar to that of other Danish type 1 diabetic patients (24,25). It is generally believed that patients with type 2 diabetes do not have specific HLA types (21). We found no increase in high-risk HLA alleles or GAD antibodies in women who had manifest diabetes or IGT at 1 year postpartum. This is in keeping with the findings that most women with previous GDM develop type 2 rather than type 1 diabetes (24).

    Taken together, ∼5% of the Swedish GDM subjects with a family history of diabetes carried a MODY mutation. Because the prevalence of GAD antibody–positive and HLA risk genotypes in the GDM subjects did not differ from that in the control subjects, autoimmunity is not likely to play a major role in the development of GDM in these women.

    View this table:
    • View inline
    • View popup
    Table 1—

    Clinical characteristics of patients with GDM, type 2 diabetes, and control subjects with NGT

    View this table:
    • View inline
    • View popup
    Table 2—

    HLA-DQB1 genotype frequency in patients with GDM, type 2 diabetes, and control subjects with NGT

    Acknowledgments

    This study was supported by grants from the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, the Swedish Medical Research Council, the Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation, the Finnish Medical Society, a Juvenile Diabetes Foundation–Wallenberg Grant, EC Grant BMH4-CT95-0,662, the Wellcome Trust and the British Diabetic Association, the Albert Påhlssons Foundation, the Anna Lisa and Sven-Eric Lundgrens’s Foundation, the Ernhold Lundström’s Foundation, the Novo Nordisk Foundation, the Medical Faculty of Lund University, the Royal Physiographic Society in Lund, Swedish Society for Medical Research, and the University Hospital MAS funds.

    We thank the members of the families for their willingness to participate in the studies.

    Footnotes

    • Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Magnus Ekelund, Department of Endocrinology, Malmö University Hospital, S-205 02, Malmö, Sweden. E-mail address: magnus.ekelund{at}skane.se.

      Received for publication 9 May 2001 and accepted in revised form 9 October 2001.

      J.W. is currently affiliated with the Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of SUMS, Guangzhou, China. M.L. is currently affiliated with the Department of Molecular Medicine, Intracellular Transport Unit, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.

      J.W. and M.E. contributed equally to this work.

      A table elsewhere in this issue shows conventional and Système International (SI) units and conversion factors for many substances.

    References

    1. ↵
      Gabbe SG: Gestational diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 315: 1025–1026, 1986
      OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    2. ↵
      Guttorm E: Practical screening for diabetes mellitus in pregnant women. Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh)182:11–24, 1974
      OpenUrl
    3. ↵
      World Health Organization Ad Hoc Diabetes Reporting Group: Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in women aged 20–39 years. World Health Stat Q 45:321–327, 1992
      OpenUrlPubMed
    4. ↵
      Tuomilehto J, Zimmet P, Mackay IR, Koskela P, Vidgren G, Toivanen L, Tuomilehto-Wolf E, Kohtamäki K, Stengård J, Rowley MJ: Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase as predictors of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus before clinical onset of disease. Lancet 343:1383–1385, 1994
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    5. ↵
      Åberg A, Rydström H, Frid A: Impaired glucose tolerance associated with adverse pregnancy outcome: a population-based study in southern Sweden. Am J Obstet Gynecol 184:77–83, 2001
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    6. ↵
      Martin AO, Simpson JL, Ober C, Freinkel N: Frequency of diabetes mellitus in mothers of probands with gestational diabetes: possible maternal influence on the predisposition to gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 151:471–475, 1985
      OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    7. ↵
      Karter AJ, Rowell SE, Ackerson LM, Mitchell BD, Ferrara A, Selby JV, Newman B: Excess maternal transmission of type 2 diabetes: the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Diabetes Registry. Diabetes Care 22:938–943, 1999
      OpenUrlAbstract
    8. ↵
      Pettitt DJ, Aleck KA, Baird HR, Carraher MJ, Bennett PH, Knowler WC: Congenital susceptibility to NIDDM: role of intrauterine environment. Diabetes 37:622–628, 1988
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    9. ↵
      Dornhorst A, Bailey PC, Anyaoku V, Elkeles RS, Johnston DG, Beard RW: Abnormalities of glucose tolerance following gestational diabetes. Q J Med 77:1219–1228, 1990
      OpenUrlPubMed
    10. ↵
      Damm P, Kuhl C, Bertelsen A, Molsted-Pedersen L: Predictive factors for the development of diabetes in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 167:607–616, 1992
      OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    11. ↵
      Horikawa Y, Iwasaki N, Hara M, Furuta H, Hinokio Y, Cockburn BN: Mutation in hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 gene (TCF2) associated with MODY. Nat Genet 17:384–385, 1997
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    12. ↵
      Stoffel M, Bell KL, Blackburn CL, Powell KL, Seo TS, Takeda J, Vionnet N, Xiang KS, Gidh-Jain M, Pilkis SJ, Ober C, Bell GI: Identification of glucokinase mutations in subjects with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 42:937–940, 1993
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    13. ↵
      Zouali H, Vaxillaire M, Lesage S, Sun F, Velho G, Vionnet N, Chiu K, Passa P, Permutt A, Demenais F, Cohen D, Beckman JS, Froguel P: Linkage analysis and molecular scanning of glucokinase gene in NIDDM families. Diabetes 42:1238–1245, 1993
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    14. ↵
      Saker PJ, Hattersley AT, Barrow B, Hammersley MS, McLellan JA, Lo Olds RJ, Gillmer MD, Holman RR, Turner RC: High prevalence of a missense mutation of the glucokinase gene gestational diabetic patients due to a founder-effect in a local population. Diabetologia 39:1325–1328, 1996
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    15. ↵
      Lehto M, Tuomi T, Mahtani MM, Widen E, Forsblom C, Sarelin L, Gullstrom M, Isomaa B, Lehtovirta M, Hyrkko A, Kanninen T, Orho M, Manley S, Turner RC, Brettin T, Kirby A, Thomas J, Duyk G, Lander E, Taskinen MR, Groop LC: Characterization of MODY3 phenotype: early-onset diabetes caused by an insulin secretion defect. J Clin Invest 99:582–590, 1997
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    16. ↵
      Tuomi T, Carlsson A, Li H, Isomaa B, Miettinen A, Nilsson A, Nissen M, Ehrnstrom BO, Forsen B, Snickars B, Lahti K, Forsblom C, Saloranta C, Taskinen MR, Groop LC: Clinical and genetic characteristics of type 2 diabetes with and without GAD antibodies. Diabetes 48:150–157, 1999
      OpenUrlAbstract
    17. ↵
      Lehto M, Wipemo C, Ivarsson SA Lindgren C, Lipsanen-Nyman M, Weng J, Wibell L, Widen E, Tuomi T, Groop LC: High frequency of mutations in MODY and mitochondrial genes in Scandinavian patients with familial early-onset diabetes. Diabetologia 42:1131–1137, 1999
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    18. ↵
      Weng JP, Lehto M, Forsblom C, Huang X, Li H, Groop LC: Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β (MODY5) gene mutations in Scandinavian families with early-onset diabetes or kidney disease or both. Diabetologia 43:131–132, 2000
      OpenUrlPubMed
    19. ↵
      Ellard S, Beards F, Allen LIS, Shepherd M, Ballantyne E, Harvey R, Hattersley AT: A high prevalence of glucokinase mutations in gestational diabetic subjects selected by clinical criteria. Diabetologia 43:250–253, 2000
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    20. ↵
      Weng JP, Macfarlane WM, Lehto M, Gu HF, Ivarsson SA, Wibell L, Smith T, Groop LC: Functional consequences of mutations in the MODY4 gene (IPF1) and coexistence with MODY3 mutations. Diabetologia 44:249–258, 2001
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    21. ↵
      Kühl C: Etiology and pathogenesis of gestational diabetes (Review). Diabetes Care 21(Suppl. 2):B19–B26, 1998
    22. ↵
      Petersen JS, Dyrberg T, Damm P, Kühl C, Mølsted-Pedersen L, Buschard K: GAD65 autoantibodies in women with gestational or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus diagnosed during pregnancy. Diabetologia 39:1329–1333, 1996
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    23. ↵
      Åberg A: Gestational diabetes, screening, diagnosis and prognosis. PhD thesis. Lund, Sweden, University of Lund, 2001
    24. ↵
      Damm P, Kuhl C, Buschard K, Jakobsen BK, Svejgaard A, Sodoyez-Goffaux F, Shattock M, Bottazzo GF, Mølsted-Pedersen L: Prevalence and predictive value of islet cell antibodies and insulin autoantibodies in women with gestational diabetes. Diabet Med 11:558–563, 1994
      OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    25. ↵
      Møller-Jensen B, Buschard K, Buch I, Mølsted-Pedersen L, Kühl C, Jakobsen BK, Svejgaard A: HLA association in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus diagnosed during pregnancy. Acta Endocrinol 116:387–389, 1987
    View Abstract
    PreviousNext
    Back to top
    Diabetes Care: 25 (1)

    In this Issue

    January 2002, 25(1)
    • Table of Contents
    • About the Cover
    • Index by Author
    Sign up to receive current issue alerts
    View Selected Citations (0)
    Print
    Download PDF
    Article Alerts
    Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
    Email Article

    Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Diabetes Care.

    NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

    Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
    Screening for MODY Mutations, GAD Antibodies, and Type 1 Diabetes– Associated HLA Genotypes in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
    (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Diabetes Care
    (Your Name) thought you would like to see this page from the Diabetes Care web site.
    Citation Tools
    Screening for MODY Mutations, GAD Antibodies, and Type 1 Diabetes– Associated HLA Genotypes in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
    Jianping Weng, Magnus Ekelund, Markku Lehto, Haiyan Li, Göran Ekberg, Anders Frid, Anders Åberg, Leif C. Groop, Kerstin Berntorp
    Diabetes Care Jan 2002, 25 (1) 68-71; DOI: 10.2337/diacare.25.1.68

    Citation Manager Formats

    • BibTeX
    • Bookends
    • EasyBib
    • EndNote (tagged)
    • EndNote 8 (xml)
    • Medlars
    • Mendeley
    • Papers
    • RefWorks Tagged
    • Ref Manager
    • RIS
    • Zotero
    Add to Selected Citations
    Share

    Screening for MODY Mutations, GAD Antibodies, and Type 1 Diabetes– Associated HLA Genotypes in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
    Jianping Weng, Magnus Ekelund, Markku Lehto, Haiyan Li, Göran Ekberg, Anders Frid, Anders Åberg, Leif C. Groop, Kerstin Berntorp
    Diabetes Care Jan 2002, 25 (1) 68-71; DOI: 10.2337/diacare.25.1.68
    del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
    • Tweet Widget
    • Facebook Like
    • Google Plus One

    Jump to section

    • Article
      • Abstract
      • RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
      • RESULTS
      • CONCLUSIONS
      • Acknowledgments
      • Footnotes
      • References
    • Figures & Tables
    • Info & Metrics
    • PDF

    Related Articles

    Cited By...

    More in this TOC Section

    • Suboptimal Use of Cardioprotective Drugs in Newly Treated Elderly Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
    • Disparities in Diabetes Care Between Smokers and Nonsmokers
    • Diabetic Retinopathy and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
    Show more Epidemiology/Health Services/Psychosocial Research

    Similar Articles

    Navigate

    • Current Issue
    • Standards of Care Guidelines
    • Online Ahead of Print
    • Archives
    • Submit
    • Subscribe
    • Email Alerts
    • RSS Feeds

    More Information

    • About the Journal
    • Instructions for Authors
    • Journal Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Advertising
    • Privacy Policy: ADA Journals
    • Copyright Notice/Public Access Policy
    • Contact Us

    Other ADA Resources

    • Diabetes
    • Clinical Diabetes
    • Diabetes Spectrum
    • BMJ Open - Diabetes Research & Care
    • Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
    • Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • Professional Books
    • Diabetes Forecast

     

    • DiabetesJournals.org
    • Diabetes Core Update
    • ADA's DiabetesPro
    • ADA Member Directory
    • Diabetes.org

    © 2019 by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care Print ISSN: 0149-5992, Online ISSN: 1935-5548.