Skip to main content
  • More from ADA
    • Diabetes
    • Clinical Diabetes
    • Diabetes Spectrum
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care
  • Subscribe
  • Log in
  • My Cart
  • Follow ada on Twitter
  • RSS
  • Visit ada on Facebook
Diabetes Care

Advanced Search

Main menu

  • Home
  • Current
    • Current Issue
    • Online Ahead of Print
    • Special Article Collections
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care
  • Browse
    • By Topic
    • Issue Archive
    • Saved Searches
    • Special Article Collections
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care
  • Info
    • About the Journal
    • About the Editors
    • ADA Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • Guidance for Reviewers
  • Reprints/Reuse
  • Advertising
  • Subscriptions
    • Individual Subscriptions
    • Institutional Subscriptions and Site Licenses
    • Access Institutional Usage Reports
    • Purchase Single Issues
  • Alerts
    • E­mail Alerts
    • RSS Feeds
  • Podcasts
    • Diabetes Core Update
    • Special Podcast Series: Therapeutic Inertia
    • Special Podcast Series: Influenza Podcasts
    • Special Podcast Series: SGLT2 Inhibitors
    • Special Podcast Series: COVID-19
  • Submit
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • ADA Peer Review
  • More from ADA
    • Diabetes
    • Clinical Diabetes
    • Diabetes Spectrum
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care

User menu

  • Subscribe
  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Diabetes Care
  • Home
  • Current
    • Current Issue
    • Online Ahead of Print
    • Special Article Collections
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care
  • Browse
    • By Topic
    • Issue Archive
    • Saved Searches
    • Special Article Collections
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care
  • Info
    • About the Journal
    • About the Editors
    • ADA Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • Guidance for Reviewers
  • Reprints/Reuse
  • Advertising
  • Subscriptions
    • Individual Subscriptions
    • Institutional Subscriptions and Site Licenses
    • Access Institutional Usage Reports
    • Purchase Single Issues
  • Alerts
    • E­mail Alerts
    • RSS Feeds
  • Podcasts
    • Diabetes Core Update
    • Special Podcast Series: Therapeutic Inertia
    • Special Podcast Series: Influenza Podcasts
    • Special Podcast Series: SGLT2 Inhibitors
    • Special Podcast Series: COVID-19
  • Submit
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • ADA Peer Review
Clinical Care/Education/Nutrition

A Prospective Study of Sugar Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women

  1. Sok-Ja Janket, DMD, MPH1,
  2. JoAnn E. Manson, MD, DRPH123,
  3. Howard Sesso, SCD13,
  4. Julie E. Buring, SCD14 and
  5. Simin Liu, MD, SCD13
  1. 1Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
  2. 2Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
  3. 3Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
  4. 4Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
    Diabetes Care 2003 Apr; 26(4): 1008-1015. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.4.1008
    PreviousNext
    • Article
    • Figures & Tables
    • Info & Metrics
    • PDF
    Loading

    Article Figures & Tables

    Tables

    • Table 1—

      Baseline distributions of other risk factors for type 2 diabetes according to quintiles of sucrose intake

      Quintiles of sucrose intake
      1 (lowest)2345 (highest)
      Median intake (g/day)25.833.639.345.857.2
      Age53.3 ± 6.653.6 ± 6.853.9 ± 7.054.2 ± 7.154.4 ± 7.4
      Smoking (%)
       Current17.612.110.910.514.0
       Past41.537.534.534.232.0
       Never41.050.454.655.454.0
      Exercise (%)
       Rarely/never39.736.735.637.040.5
       <1 time/week19.820.120.020.019.8
       1–3 times/week30.532.433.631.429.3
       ≥4 times/week9.910.810.711.610.7
      Alcohol (%)
       Rarely/never32.039.843.048.656.7
       1–3 drinks/month10.412.614.414.414.4
       1–6 drinks/week34.835.834.531.225.1
       ≥1 drinks/day22.811.98.25.83.8
      Postmenopausal (%)51.953.753.956.356.8
      Hormone replacement treatment (%)
       Never48.646.648.147.747.5
       Past9.910.69.69.610.7
       Current41.642.842.342.741.8
      Mean BMI (kg/m2)26.226.025.825.825.5
      Multivitamin use (%)27.729.430.029.729.8
      History of hypertension25.425.024.325.025.4
      History of high cholesterol24.725.725.628.129.1
      Family History of diabetes24.825.424.824.324.3
      Total energy (kcal)1,696 ± 5271,750 ± 5191,760 ± 5261,739 ± 5381,687 ± 558
      Total fat (g)61.5 ± 12.458.8 ± 11.457.4 ± 11.156.4 ± 11.054.0 ± 11.6
      Saturated fat (g)21.2 ± 5.320.0 ± 4.619.5 ± 4.519.2 ± 4.518.4 ± 4.8
      Carbohydrate (g)194.1 ± 32.2213.2 ± 28.1223.2 ± 27.8231.6 ± 28.1247.5 ± 31.1
      Dietary GI74.1 ± 5.274.7 ± 4.475.0 ± 4.375.4 ± 4.376.5 ± 4.7
      Proteins (g)89.4 ± 15.085.6 ± 12.681.9 ± 11.877.9 ± 11.670.4 ± 12.1
      Dietary cholesterol (mg)255.9 ± 82.2236.0 ± 67.5224.3 ± 63.8213.1 ± 62.8194.9 ± 63.5
      Dietary folate (mcg)419.6 ± 227.2435.4 ± 219.6436.7 ± 217.6433.0 ± 225.1417.6 ± 231.5
      • Data are means ± SD, unless otherwise indicated. All covariate values are according to the quintiles of sucrose intake. All the means of nutrients are energy adjusted. History of hypertension was defined as ever diagnosed by physician or self-reported blood pressure >140/90; history of high cholesterol and family history of diabetes were self-reported and validated in a subsample. All the means of nutrients are energy adjusted. Model 1: age and smoking adjusted. Model 2: age, smoking, BMI, vigorous exercise, alcohol use, postmenopausal hormone use, multivitamin use, history of hypertension, high cholesterol, and family history of diabetes.

    • Table 2—

      RR of type 2 diabetes according to quintiles of sugar intake in the whole cohort of the WHS

      Quintiles of sugar intake
      P for trend
      1 (lowest)2345 (highest)
      Total sugar
       Case subjects215190183167163
       Person-years44,41444,58044,46444,60744,457
       Model 11.00.87 (0.72–0.84)0.84 (0.68–1.02)0.75 (0.61–0.92)0.73 (0.59–0.89)0.0007
       Model 21.00.94 (0.77–1.15)0.88 (0.72–1.08)0.92 (0.74–1.14)0.86 (0.69–1.06)0.17
      Sucrose
       Case subjects196194175188165
       Person-years44,36244,29844,54944,56744,746
       Model 11.00.99 (0.81–1.21)0.89 (0.72–1.09)0.95 (0.77–1.16)0.82 (0.66–1.01)0.06
       Model 21.01.00 (0.81–1.23)0.98 (0.79–1.22)1.00 (0.81–1.24)0.84 (0.67–1.04)0.16
      Fructose
       Case subjects208189175177169
       Person-years44,56444,51544,47944,58744,379
       Model 11.00.90 (0.74–1.1)0.83 (0.68–1.02)0.83 (0.68–1.02)0.79 (0.65–0.97)0.02
       Model 21.00.99 (0.81–1.22)1.04 (0.85–1.29)1.03 (0.83–1.27)0.96 (0.78–1.19)0.86
      Glucose
       Case subjects203192178168177
       Person-years44,69344,42644,47044,62644,308
       Model 11.00.95 (0.78–1.16)0.87 (0.71–1.06)0.81 (0.66–0.99)0.85 (0.70–1.05)0.04
       Model 21.01.08 (0.88–1.33)1.02 (0.82–1.26)0.96 (0.77–1.19)1.04 (0.85–1.28)0.91
      Lactose
       Case subjects198205186157172
       Person-years44,67144,45844,54544,52844,321
       Model 11.01.05 (0.86–1.27)0.94 (0.77–1.15)0.79 (0.64–0.97)0.86 (0.70–1.06)0.02
       Model 21.01.08 (0.88–1.32)1.03 (0.83–1.26)0.86 (0.69–1.07)0.99 (0.8–1.22)0.33
      Starch
       Case subjects199179200185155
       Person-years44,47744,65544,58044,51744,292
       Model 11.00.91 (0.76–1.11)1.03 (0.85–1.26)0.96 (0.49–1.18)0.83 (0.67–1.02)0.19
       Model 21.00.95 (0.77–1.17)1.05 (0.85–1.28)1.06 (0.86–1.30)0.88 (0.71–1.09)0.61
      • Data are RR and RR (95% CI). All covariate values are according to the quintiles of sucrose intake.

    • Table 3—

      RR of type 2 diabetes according to quintiles of sugar intake in a subcohort of women (n = 22,243) without history of hypertension and high cholesterol levels at baseline

      Quintiles of sugar intake
      P for trend
      1 (lowest)2345 (highest)
      Total sugar
       Case subjects7051644541
       Person-years26,13326,29326,14826,27026,182
       Model 11.00.75 (0.52–1.07)0.95 (0.67–1.33)0.66 (0.45–0.96)0.59 (0.40–0.88)0.009
       Model 21.00.86 (0.59–1.24)1.10 (0.77–1.57)0.85 (0.57–1.25)0.77 (0.52–1.15)0.26
      Sucrose
       Case subjects6852555541
       Person-years26,04526,16926,20426,22526,382
       Model 11.00.83 (0.58–1.19)0.84 (0.58–1.19)0.78 (0.55–1.13)0.60 (0.41–0.88)0.03
       Model 21.00.84 (0.58–1.21)0.85 (0.59–1.22)0.73 (0.50–1.05)0.59 (0.39–0.88)0.05
      Fructose
       Case subjects5556664450
       Person-years26,26226,25126,18626,14426,182
       Model 11.00.85 (0.57–1.26)1.27 (0.89–1.83)1.07 (0.74–1.56)0.95 (0.64–1.40)0.47
       Model 21.01.16 (0.77–1.74)1.61 (1.11–2.33)1.17 (0.79–1.71)1.24 (0.84–1.85)0.30
      Glucose
       Case subjects6054614848
       Person-years26,29626,16626,27026,22426,069
       Model 11.00.84 (0.57–1.23)1.06 (0.74–1.52)0.95 (0.65–1.37)0.83 (0.57–1.22)0.27
       Model 21.01.05 (0.71–1.55)1.30 (0.89–1.87)1.02 (0.70–1.49)1.12 (0.76–1.65)0.55
      Lactose
       Case subjects6358624246
       Person-years26,29126,21126,24426,21226,068
       Model 11.00.69 (0.47–1.03)1.03 (0.72–1.45)0.94 (0.66–1.35)0.76 (0.52–1.12)0.06
       Model 21.00.77 (0.51–1.14)1.17 (0.81–1.68)1.03 (0.72–1.49)0.93 (0.62–1.38)0.34
      Starch
       Case subjects5558626135
       Person-years26,21826,28226,25226,20426,070
       Model 11.01.11 (0.77–1.60)1.21 (0.84–1.74)1.20 (0.83–1.74)0.72 (0.47–1.10)0.34
       Model 21.01.17 (0.81–1.71)1.31 (0.90–1.90)1.26 (0.87–1.83)0.78 (0.50–1.21)0.59
      • Data are RR or RR (95% CI). All covariate values are according to the quintiles of sucrose intake. All the means of nutrients are energy-adjusted. Model 1: age and smoking adjusted. Model 2: age, smoking, BMI, vigorous exercise, alcohol use, postmenopausal hormone use, multivitamin use, history of hypertension, high cholesterol, and family history of diabetes.

    • Table 4—

      RR of type 2 diabetes according to quintiles of sugar intake in the WHS stratified by BMI

      BMI <25 kg/m2
      BMI ≥25 kg/m2
      Case subjects/person-yearsMultivariate RR∗ (95% CI)Case subjects/person-yearsMultivariate RR∗ (95% CI)
      Total sugars
       Q121/20,9421.0189/22,5121.0
       Q225/21,6641.18 (0.65–2014)158/22,0300.91 (0.73–1.13)
       Q320/22,9260.84 (0.44–1.57)156/20,6370.91 (0.73–1.13)
       Q425/24,1240.86 (0.46–1.59)136/19,6760.94 (0.74–1.18)
       Q526/24,8770.86 (0.47–1.58)137/18,6470.88 (0.70–1.11)
       P for trend—P = 0.36—P = 0.38
      Sucrose
       Q1 (lowest)25/21,6531.00164/21,8301.00
       Q219/22,3220.69 (0.37–1.29)170/21,0601.10 (0.88–1.35)
       Q317/23,0310.62 (0.33–1.16)157/20,6481.02 (0.82–1.27)
       Q428/23,2300.87 (0.49–1.54)154/20,3881.00 (0.81–1.26)
       Q5 (highest)28/24,2960.77 (0.44–1.36)131/19,5790.87 (0.70–1.12)
       P for trend—P = 0.70—P = 0.25
      Fructose
       Q124/20,4931.00178/23,1351.00
       Q216/21,6930.69 (0.36–1.31)167/21,9301.05 (0.84–1.30)
       Q325/23,0971.04 (0.58–1.86)145/20,4231.05 (0.84–1.32)
       Q422/24,1410.83 (0.45–1.0)149/19,4991.09 (0.87–1.36)
       Q530/25,1070.90 (0.51–1.59)137/18,5171.00 (0.79–1.26)
       P for trendP = 0.94P = 0.87
      Glucose
       Q122/20,5621.00176/23,1421.00
       Q217/21,8780.78 (0.41–1.49)170/21,6961.13 (0.91–1.40)
       Q327/23,0171.15 (0.64–2.05)141/20,5761.00 (0.80–1.26)
       Q420/23,9690.77 (0.41–1.45)143/19,6961.02 (0.81–1.28)
       Q531/25,1051.04 (0.59–1.85)146/18,3941.08 (0.86–1.35)
       P for trendP = 0.87P = 0.85
      Lactose
       Q131/23,1751.00161/20,5101.00
       Q218/22,7030.63 (0.35–1.13)178/20,8331.17 (0.94–1.45)
       Q327/22,9460.87 (0.51–1.48)154/20,6401.05 (0.83–1.31)
       Q422/22,5860.67 (0.38–1.18)131/21,1720.88 (0.70–1.13)
       Q519/23,1220.60 (0.34–1.08)152/20,3491.06 (0.84–1.33)
       P for trend—P = 0.13—P = 0.57
      Starch
       Q125/22,7591.0170/20,6041.0
       Q220/22,5130.75 (0.42–1.37)155/21,3670.96 (0.77–1.20)
       Q320/22,2880.91 (0.50–1.64)174/21,5351.06 (0.85–1.32)
       Q425/22,9321.10 (0.63–1.92)157/20,6651.03 (0.83–1.29)
       Q527/24,0391.03 (0.59–1.81)120/19,3310.85 (0.67–1.08)
       P for trend—P = 0.54—P = 0.98
      • Multivariate RR was adjusted for smoking, BMI, exercise, alcohol use, history of hypertension, high cholesterol, and family history of diabetes.

    PreviousNext
    Back to top
    Diabetes Care: 26 (4)

    In this Issue

    April 2003, 26(4)
    • Table of Contents
    • About the Cover
    • Index by Author
    Sign up to receive current issue alerts
    View Selected Citations (0)
    Print
    Download PDF
    Article Alerts
    Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
    Email Article

    Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Diabetes Care.

    NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

    Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
    A Prospective Study of Sugar Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
    (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Diabetes Care
    (Your Name) thought you would like to see this page from the Diabetes Care web site.
    CAPTCHA
    This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
    Citation Tools
    A Prospective Study of Sugar Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
    Sok-Ja Janket, JoAnn E. Manson, Howard Sesso, Julie E. Buring, Simin Liu
    Diabetes Care Apr 2003, 26 (4) 1008-1015; DOI: 10.2337/diacare.26.4.1008

    Citation Manager Formats

    • BibTeX
    • Bookends
    • EasyBib
    • EndNote (tagged)
    • EndNote 8 (xml)
    • Medlars
    • Mendeley
    • Papers
    • RefWorks Tagged
    • Ref Manager
    • RIS
    • Zotero
    Add to Selected Citations
    Share

    A Prospective Study of Sugar Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
    Sok-Ja Janket, JoAnn E. Manson, Howard Sesso, Julie E. Buring, Simin Liu
    Diabetes Care Apr 2003, 26 (4) 1008-1015; DOI: 10.2337/diacare.26.4.1008
    del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
    • Tweet Widget
    • Facebook Like
    • Google Plus One

    Jump to section

    • Article
      • Abstract
      • RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
      • RESULTS
      • CONCLUSIONS
      • Acknowledgments
      • Footnotes
      • References
    • Figures & Tables
    • Info & Metrics
    • PDF

    Related Articles

    Cited By...

    More in this TOC Section

    • Increased Second Trimester Maternal Glucose Levels Are Related to Extremely Large-for-Gestational-Age Infants in Women With Type 1 Diabetes
    • A1C in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Asian Indian Women
    • An Evaluation of Methods of Assessing Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes
    Show more Clinical Care/Education/Nutrition

    Similar Articles

    Navigate

    • Current Issue
    • Standards of Care Guidelines
    • Online Ahead of Print
    • Archives
    • Submit
    • Subscribe
    • Email Alerts
    • RSS Feeds

    More Information

    • About the Journal
    • Instructions for Authors
    • Journal Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Advertising
    • Privacy Policy: ADA Journals
    • Copyright Notice/Public Access Policy
    • Contact Us

    Other ADA Resources

    • Diabetes
    • Clinical Diabetes
    • Diabetes Spectrum
    • Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
    • BMJ Open - Diabetes Research & Care
    • Professional Books
    • Diabetes Forecast

     

    • DiabetesJournals.org
    • Diabetes Core Update
    • ADA's DiabetesPro
    • ADA Member Directory
    • Diabetes.org

    © 2021 by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care Print ISSN: 0149-5992, Online ISSN: 1935-5548.