Prevalence and Major Risk Factors of Reduced Flow Volume in Lower Extremities With Normal Ankle-Brachial Index in Japanese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1—
Distribution of resistive index and total flow volume at the popliteal artery in 176 diabetic patients with normal ABI (non-PAD group). The means ± 2 SD for these parameters in the 33 nondiabetic subjects were defined as the normal range. Abnormal resistive index was thus defined as >1.017 and abnormal total flow volume as <50.8 ml/min. The non-PAD group was classified into normal, borderline, and reduced flow subgroups based on these levels.
- Figure 2—
Waveform analysis at the popliteal artery in 176 diabetic patients with normal ABI (non-PAD). The non-PAD group was divided into normal (A), borderline (B), and reduced (C) flow subgroups based on the resistive index and total flow volume at the popliteal artery. Instantaneous flow volumes at 16 equally spaced time points through the cardiac cycle were reconstructed. Values are expressed as means ± SD.
Tables
- Table 1—
Background data for diabetic patients with normal (non-PAD group) or abnormal (PAD group) ABI and age-matched nondiabetic subjects (control group)
Control group Non-PAD group PAD group ABI 1.13 ± 0.09 1.15 ± 0.11 0.70 ± 0.13 n 33 176 32 Sex (male/female) 17/16 103/73* 27/5† Age (years) 60.1 ± 6.5 60.9 ± 6.4 63.6 ± 6.0 BMI (kg/m2) 22.6 ± 2.0 23.9 ± 3.4 22.7 ± 3.9 Duration of diabetes (years) — 14.2 ± 8.5 17.5 ± 10.2 Treatment (D/OHD/I) — 9/67/100 2/12/18 FPG (mmol/l) 5.30 ± 0.40 8.12 ± 2.26‡ 8.17 ± 2.37‡ HbA1c (%) 4.7 ± 0.4 8.8 ± 1.7*‡ 8.1 ± 1.4‡ TC (mmol/l) 4.89 ± 0.62 5.00 ± 0.90 4.83 ± 0.80 HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) 1.38 ± 0.42 1.22 ± 0.37 1.12 ± 0.30† TGs (mmol/l) 1.14 ± 0.33 1.46 ± 0.78 1.38 ± 0.47 sBP (mmHg) 122 ± 7 132 ± 12*‡ 138 ± 14‡ dBP (mmHg) 76 ± 8 71 ± 10 72 ± 13 Smokers (%) 14 (42) 69 (39)§ 29 (91)† CVR-R (%) 3.2 ± 1.0 2.1 ± 1.1‡ 2.1 ± 0.9‡ Retinopathy (%) — 106 (60) 21 (66) Nephropathy (%) — 83 (47) 18 (56) - Table 2—
Background data for the 176 diabetic patients with normal ABI classified into three subgroups based on resistive index and total flow volume at the popliteal artery
Normal group Borderline group Reduced group Resistive index 0.975 ± 0.022 1.038 ± 0.018 1.055 ± 0.020 total flow volume (ml/min) 98.8 ± 17.6 72.5 ± 13.1 40.4 ± 8.6 n 80 63 33 Sex (male/female) 47/33 33/30 23/10 Age (years) 60.3 ± 6.4 61.1 ± 6.5 61.7 ± 6.2 BMI (kg/m2) 23.9 ± 3.4 24.3 ± 3.8 22.7 ± 2.4 Duration of diabetes (years) 13.9 ± 7.7 14.0 ± 9.4 15.4 ± 8.8 Treatment (D/OHD/I) 2/35/43 7/20/36 0/12/21 FPG (mmol/l) 7.96 ± 1.92 7.88 ± 2.11 8.99 ± 3.03 HbA1c (%) 8.9 ± 1.6 8.7 ± 1.7 8.9 ± 1.9 TC (mmol/l) 4.97 ± 0.88 5.11 ± 0.91 4.87 ± 0.96 HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) 1.16 ± 0.36 1.27 ± 0.37 1.25 ± 0.41 TGs (mmol/l) 1.54 ± 0.85 1.47 ± 0.78 1.24 ± 0.50 sBP (mmHg) 127 ± 10 134 ± 14* 138 ± 10† dBP (mmHg) 70 ± 8 73 ± 10 71 ± 11 ABI 1.16 ± 0.12 1.16 ± 0.09 1.12 ± 0.05 Smokers (%) 35 (44) 23 (37) 11 (33) CVR-R (%) 2.2 ± 1.2 2.0 ± 1.1 2.2 ± 1.2 Retinopathy (%) 41 (51) 41 (65) 24 (73) Nephropathy (%) 31 (39) 30 (48) 22 (67) Data are means ± SD or n (%). D, diet; OHD, oral hypoglycemic drugs; I, insulin. The 80 patients with both normal resistive index and normal flow volume and the 33 patients in whom both these parameters were abnormal are the normal and reduced groups, respectively. The remaining 63 patients comprise the borderline group.
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↵* P < 0.01,
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↵† P < 0.001 vs. the normal group.
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