Dietary Antioxidant Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Article Figures & Tables
Tables
- Table 1—
Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted mean ± SD levels and percentages of baseline variables in cases of type 2 diabetes and noncases: the Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Study, 1967–1972
Variable Cases Noncases P n 383 3,921 Age (years)* 53.7 ± 8.0 51.7 ± 7.6 <0.001 BMI (kg/m2) 29.4 ± 4.5 26.2 ± 3.8 <0.001 Serum cholesterol (mmol/l) 6.8 ± 1.3 7.0 ± 1.4 0.001 Sex (men %)† 47 54 0.006 Hypertension (%) 29 15 <0.001 Current smoker (%) 28 33 0.02 Family history of diabetes (%)‡ 27 19 <0.001 Child with birth weight >4,500 g (% women) 16 11 0.02 Saturated fat (g/day) 60.4 ± 27.9 60.2 ± 26.3 0.70 Energy (kcal/day)§ 2,422 ± 857 2,501 ± 580 0.06 Vitamin E (α-tocopherol equivalents mg/day) 6.4 ± 2.1 7.2 ± 6.9 0.06 α-Tocopherol (mg/day) 5.6 ± 1.8 5.8 ± 2.0 0.06 β-Tocopherol (mg/day) 0.52 ± 0.22 0.54 ± 0.25 0.29 γ-Tocopherol (mg/day) 2.3 ± 3.1 2.5 ± 3.8 0.28 δ-Tocopherol (mg/day) 0.46 ± 0.96 0.51 ± 1.1 0.37 α-Tocotrienol (mg/day) 1.6 ± 0.71 1.6 ± 0.72 0.19 β-Tocotrienol (mg/day) 2.2 ± 0.73 2.2 ± 0.75 0.14 γ-Tocotrienol (mg/day) 0.10 ± 0.09 0.10 ± 0.10 0.34 δ-Tocotrienol (mg/day) 0.02 ± 0.04 0.02 ± 0.05 0.95 Vitamin C (mg/day) 71.7 ± 33.6 73.7 ± 36.4 0.32 Total carotenoids (μg/day)‖ 3,466 ± 2,773 3,713 ± 2,880 0.10 α-Carotene (μg/day) 78.7 ± 140 87.6 ± 143 0.24 β-Carotene (μg/day) 1,695 ± 2,032 1,849 ± 2,108 0.17 γ-Carotene (μg/day) 39.7 ± 54.2 41.1 ± 47.9 0.58 Lycopene (μg/day) 703 ± 961 735 ± 868 0.48 β-Cryptoxanthin (μg/day) 2.7 ± 5.6 3.5 ± 5.6 0.01 Lutein + zeaxanthin (μg/day) 947 ± 341 997 ± 339 0.01 - Table 2—
Adjusted* RR of type 2 diabetes between quartiles of energy-adjusted intake of antioxidants
Quartile of intake P for trend 1 Referent 2 3 4 Vitamin E (α-tocopherol equivalents mg/day) <5.51 5.51–6.26 6.27–7.31 >7.31 Cases/persons at risk 128/1,076 93/1,076 82/1,076 80/1,076 RR (95% CI) 1 0.79 (0.60–1.04) 0.78 (0.58–1.06) 0.69 (0.51–0.94) 0.02 α-Tocopherol (mg/day) <4.66 4.66–5.30 5.31–6.20 >6.20 Cases/persons at risk 129/1,076 89/1,076 84/1,076 81/1,076 RR (95% CI) 1 0.72 (0.54–0.96) 0.80 (0.59–1.08) 0.66 (0.49–0.90) 0.02 β-Tocopherol (mg/day) <0.38 0.38–0.49 0.50–0.64 >0.64 Cases/persons at risk 110/1,076 92/1,076 106/1,076 75/1,076 RR (95% CI) 1 0.97 (0.73–1.29) 1.09 (0.82–1.43) 0.76 (0.56–1.03) 0.18 γ-Tocopherol (mg/day) <0.79 0.79–1.23 1.24–2.06 >2.06 Cases/persons at risk 111/1,076 99/1,076 80/1,076 93/1,076 RR (95% CI) 1 0.91 (0.69–1.20) 0.75 (0.56–1.01) 0.77 (0.57–1.03) 0.04 δ-Tocopherol (mg/day) <0.09 0.09–0.15 0.16–0.28 >0.28 Cases/persons at risk 113/1,076 99/1,076 86/1,076 85/1,076 RR (95% CI) 1 0.85 (0.64–1.13) 0.81 (0.60–1.08) 0.69 (0.51–0.93) 0.02 α-Tocotrienol (mg/day) <1.07 1.07–1.54 1.55–2.05 >2.05 Cases/persons at risk 111/1,076 100/1,076 88/1,076 84/1,076 RR (95% CI) 1 0.95 (0.72–1.25) 0.91 (0.68–1.21) 0.91 (0.67–1.23) 0.47 β-Tocotrienol (mg/day) <1.69 1.69–2.15 2.16–2.67 >2.67 Cases/persons at risk 110/1,076 106/1,076 86/1,076 81/1,076 RR (95% CI) 1 0.97 (0.74–1.28) 0.77 (0.58–1.03) 0.76 (0.56–1.03) 0.03 γ-Tocotrienol (mg/day) <0.04 0.04–0.07 0.08–0.12 >0.12 Cases/persons at risk 96/1,076 107/1,076 92/1,076 88/1,076 RR (95% CI) 1 0.95 (0.72–1.26) 0.88 (0.65–1.18) 0.79 (0.59–1.07) 0.11 δ-Tocotrienol (mg/day) <0.002 0.002–0.006 0.007–0.01 >0.01 Cases/persons at risk 105/1,076 110/1,076 76/1,076 92/1,076 RR (95% CI) 1 1.01 (0.77–1.32) 0.69 (0.51–0.93) 0.84 (0.63–1.13) 0.06 Vitamin C (mg/day) <49.7 49.7–66.2 66.3–87.9 >87.9 Cases/persons at risk 96/1,057 96/1,063 87/1,061 98/1,068 RR (95% CI) 1 0.97 (0.73–1.29) 0.91 (0.68–1.22) 0.97 (0.72–1.32) 0.77 Total carotenoids (μg/day)† <1,862 1,863–2,865 2,867–4,519 >4,519 Cases/persons at risk 112/1,062 74/1,064 110/1,062 81/1,061 RR (95% CI) 1 0.71 (0.53–0.96) 0.97 (0.74–1.27) 0.71 (0.52–0.96) 0.07 α-Carotene (μg/day) <9.4 9.4–34.4 34.5–103 >103 Cases/persons at risk 86/1,058 102/1,067 97/1,062 92/1,062 RR (95% CI) 1 1.11 (0.83–1.49) 1.02 (0.75–1.38) 0.94 (0.69–1.28) 0.55 β-Carotene (μg/day) <698 698–1,104 1,105–2,121 >2,121 Cases/persons at risk 100/1,060 83/1,064 114/1,063 80/1,062 RR (95% CI) 1 0.83 (0.62–1.11) 1.14 (0.87–1.51) 0.74 (0.54–1.01) 0.25 γ-Carotene (μg/day) <6.3 6.4–28.5 28.6–60.3 >60.3 Cases/persons at risk 109/1,057 86/1,070 93/1,066 89/1,056 RR (95% CI) 1 0.78 (0.59–1.04) 0.88 (0.67–1.18) 0.82 (0.61–1.10) 0.29 Lycopene (μg/day) <112 113–494 495–1,064 >1,064 Cases/persons at risk 110/1,058 86/1,068 93/1,067 88/1,056 RR (95% CI) 1 0.79 (0.59–1.05) 0.86 (0.65–1.14) 0.81 (0.60–1.09) 0.23 β-Cryptoxanthin (μg/day) <0.24 0.24–1.36 1.37–4.18 >4.18 Cases/persons at risk 134/1,056 75/1,062 80/1,062 88/1,069 RR (95% CI) 1 0.54 (0.40–0.73) 0.57 (0.43–0.76) 0.58 (0.44–0.78) <0.001 Lutein + zeaxanthin (μg/day) <749 749–935 936–1,156 >1,156 Cases/persons at risk 112/1,057 92/1,064 96/1,065 77/1,063 RR (95% CI) 1 0.91 (0.69–1.21) 0.95 (0.71–1.26) 0.74 (0.55–1.01) 0.09
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February 2004, 27(2)
