Improved Plasma Glucose Control, Whole-Body Glucose Utilization, and Lipid Profile on a Low-Glycemic Index Diet in Type 2 Diabetic Men
A randomized controlled trial
Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1—
Plasma glucose (A) and insulin (B) responses to HGI (▵, ▴) and LGI diets (○, •) during an 8-h metabolic profile before (baseline: LGI = •, HGI = ▴) and after 4 weeks (LGI = ○, HGI = ▵) of the respective diets. Data are means ± SE.
Tables
- Table 1—
Clinical characteristics of subjects
n 12 Age (years) 54 ± 2 Body weight (kg) 93 ± 3 BMI (kg/m2) 31 ± 1 Fasting glycemia (mmol/l) 8.7 ± 0.7 Plasma cholesterol (mmol/l) 4.9 ± 0.3 Plasma triacylglycerols (mmol/l) 1.3 ± 0.2 Data are means ± SE.
- Table 2—
Body weight and dietary intake after 4 weeks of HGI or LGI diets: results of 7-day dietary records
HGI diet LGI diet Body weight (kg) 92.4 ± 2.5 92.7 ± 2.5 BMI (kg/m2) 30.8 ± 1.2 31.0 ± 1.2 Energy (kcal) 2,291 ± 212 2,222 ± 124 Carbohydrates (g) 217 ± 21 200 ± 14 Protein (g) 114 ± 7 115 ± 6 Fat (g) 95 ± 10 92 ± 5 Fibers (g) 21 ± 3a 34 ± 3b Alcohol (g) 21 ± 3 18 ± 5 Estimated GI (%)* 71.3 ± 1.3a 39.0 ± 1.0b Data are means ± SE (n = 11).
- *
↵* GI scale (glucose = 100). Values followed by different superscripts for a row are significantly different at P < 0.0001, LGI versus HGI diet (Student’s t test for paired values).
- Table 3—
Plasma glucose, insulin and HbA1c values during the metabolic day profile before (baseline) and after 4 weeks of HGI or LGI diets
HGI diet LGI diet Baseline* 4 weeks* Baseline* 4 weeks* Glycemia (mmol/l) Fasting (0 min) 9.4 ± 0.5 9.8 ± 0.6 10.1 ± 0.8† 9.19 ± 0.7‡§‖** Morning peak (60–0 min) 4.2 ± 0.3† 3.7 ± 0.3† 2.8 ± 0.3‡ 3.3 ± 0.5‡‖ AUC (mmol · l−1 · 8 h−1) 527 ± 57† 520 ± 61† 358 ± 90‡ 274 ± 32‡‖ Insulinemia (pmol/l) Fasting (0 min) 113 ± 11 125 ± 16 111 ± 19 123 ± 22 Morning peak (60–0 min) 142 ± 15 171 ± 19 126 ± 25 149 ± 27 AUC/102 (pmol · l−1 · 8 h−1) 845 ± 10† 754 ± 27 646 ± 36‡ 618 ± 65‖ HbA1c (%) 7.45 ± 0.35 7.57 ± 0.35† 7.56 ± 0.36† 7.17 ± 0.39‡§‖** Data are means ± SE. n = 11.
- *
↵* Results during the 8-h metabolic profile before (baseline data) or after (4-week data) the chronic nutritional periods. During the 8-h metabolic profile, values were taken just before (data in the fasting state, 0 min) or after the HGI or LGI meals, respectively.
Data followed by different superscripts († and ‡) for a row are significantly different at P < 0.05.
- §
↵§ Changes during the dietary periods (Δ = baseline data − 4-week data, HGI vs. LGI).
- ‖
↵‖ P < 0.05 by multiple ANOVA;
- **
↵** P < 0.01, for Δ.
- Table 4—
Fasting plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, total fat and lean body mass measured by DEXA, and plasma PAI-1 at baseline and after 4 weeks of HGI or LGI diets
HGI diet LGI diet Baseline* 4 weeks* Baseline* 4 weeks* Total cholesterol (mmol/l) 4.79 ± 0.24 4.90 ± 0.20 5.33 ± 0.43† 4.46 ± 0.29‡§‖** LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) 2.89 ± 0.26 3.03 ± 0.21 3.46 ± 0.44† 2.63 ± 0.26‡§‖** HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) 1.22 ± 0.13 1.28 ± 0.13 1.32 ± 0.11† 1.29 ± 0.11 Triacylglycerols (mmol/l) 1.51 ± 0.0.26 1.32 ± 0.19 1.24 ± 0.20 1.21 ± 0.19 FFA (mmol/l) 1.30 ± 0.25 1.47 ± 0.26† 1.21 ± 0.19 1.02 ± 0.18‡§‖** Apolipoprotein B (g/l) 1.04 ± 0.06 1.05 ± 0.06 1.07 ± 0.07† 1.01 ± 0.06††‡§** Total fat mass (kg) 24.9 ± 2.4 25.5 ± 2.6 26.3 ± 3.1 25.5 ± 2.7 Lean mass (kg) 65.3 ± 0.9 63.8 ± 0.9 63.7 ± 1.1 63.9 ± 0.9 PAI-1 activity 23.4 ± 5.2 24.6 ± 5.3 25.6 ± 3.8† 15.8 ± 1.8‡§‖** Data are means ± SE (n = 12). LDL was calculated by use of the Friedewald formula.
- *
↵* Results during the 8-h metabolic profile before (baseline data) or after (4-week data) the chronic nutritional periods. During the 8-h metabolic profile, values were taken just before (data in the fasting state, 0 min).
Data followed by different superscripts (including * and †) for a row are significantly different at P < 0.05.
- §
↵§ Changes during the dietary periods (Δ = baseline data − 4-week data, HGI vs. LGI).
- **
↵** P < 0.05 by paired Student’s test;
- ‖
↵‖ P < 0.01, and
- ††
↵†† P < 0.001 by ANOVA.
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