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Clinical Care/Education/Nutrition

Improved Plasma Glucose Control, Whole-Body Glucose Utilization, and Lipid Profile on a Low-Glycemic Index Diet in Type 2 Diabetic Men

A randomized controlled trial

  1. Salwa W. Rizkalla, MD, PHD12,
  2. Laika Taghrid, MD1,
  3. Muriel Laromiguiere, PHARMD, PHD3,
  4. Dorothée Huet, MD1,
  5. Josette Boillot, PHD1,
  6. Aude Rigoir, RN1,
  7. Fabienne Elgrably, MD1 and
  8. Gerard Slama, MD1
  1. 1Department of Diabetes, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Paris, France
  2. 2Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U465, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Paris, France
  3. 3Laboratory of Biochemistry, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Paris, France
  1. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Salwa W. Rizkalla, Department of Diabetes, INSERM U465, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, 1 Place du Parvis Nôtre-Dame, 75004 Paris, France. E-mail: salwa.rizkalla{at}htd.ap-hop-paris.fr
Diabetes Care 2004 Aug; 27(8): 1866-1872. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.8.1866
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    Figure 1—

    Plasma glucose (A) and insulin (B) responses to HGI (▵, ▴) and LGI diets (○, •) during an 8-h metabolic profile before (baseline: LGI = •, HGI = ▴) and after 4 weeks (LGI = ○, HGI = ▵) of the respective diets. Data are means ± SE.

Tables

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  • Table 1—

    Clinical characteristics of subjects

    n12
    Age (years)54 ± 2
    Body weight (kg)93 ± 3
    BMI (kg/m2)31 ± 1
    Fasting glycemia (mmol/l)8.7 ± 0.7
    Plasma cholesterol (mmol/l)4.9 ± 0.3
    Plasma triacylglycerols (mmol/l)1.3 ± 0.2
    • Data are means ± SE.

  • Table 2—

    Body weight and dietary intake after 4 weeks of HGI or LGI diets: results of 7-day dietary records

    HGI dietLGI diet
    Body weight (kg)92.4 ± 2.592.7 ± 2.5
    BMI (kg/m2)30.8 ± 1.231.0 ± 1.2
    Energy (kcal)2,291 ± 2122,222 ± 124
    Carbohydrates (g)217 ± 21200 ± 14
    Protein (g)114 ± 7115 ± 6
    Fat (g)95 ± 1092 ± 5
    Fibers (g)21 ± 3a34 ± 3b
    Alcohol (g)21 ± 318 ± 5
    Estimated GI (%)*71.3 ± 1.3a39.0 ± 1.0b
    • Data are means ± SE (n = 11).

    • *

      ↵* GI scale (glucose = 100). Values followed by different superscripts for a row are significantly different at P < 0.0001, LGI versus HGI diet (Student’s t test for paired values).

  • Table 3—

    Plasma glucose, insulin and HbA1c values during the metabolic day profile before (baseline) and after 4 weeks of HGI or LGI diets

    HGI diet
    LGI diet
    Baseline*4 weeks*Baseline*4 weeks*
    Glycemia (mmol/l)
        Fasting (0 min)9.4 ± 0.59.8 ± 0.610.1 ± 0.8†9.19 ± 0.7‡§‖**
        Morning peak (60–0 min)4.2 ± 0.3†3.7 ± 0.3†2.8 ± 0.3‡3.3 ± 0.5‡‖
        AUC (mmol · l−1 · 8 h−1)527 ± 57†520 ± 61†358 ± 90‡274 ± 32‡‖
    Insulinemia (pmol/l)
        Fasting (0 min)113 ± 11125 ± 16111 ± 19123 ± 22
        Morning peak (60–0 min)142 ± 15171 ± 19126 ± 25149 ± 27
        AUC/102 (pmol · l−1 · 8 h−1)845 ± 10†754 ± 27646 ± 36‡618 ± 65‖
    HbA1c (%)7.45 ± 0.357.57 ± 0.35†7.56 ± 0.36†7.17 ± 0.39‡§‖**
    • Data are means ± SE. n = 11.

    • *

      ↵* Results during the 8-h metabolic profile before (baseline data) or after (4-week data) the chronic nutritional periods. During the 8-h metabolic profile, values were taken just before (data in the fasting state, 0 min) or after the HGI or LGI meals, respectively.

    • Data followed by different superscripts († and ‡) for a row are significantly different at P < 0.05.

    • §

      ↵§ Changes during the dietary periods (Δ = baseline data − 4-week data, HGI vs. LGI).

    • ‖

      ↵‖ P < 0.05 by multiple ANOVA;

    • **

      ↵** P < 0.01, for Δ.

  • Table 4—

    Fasting plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, total fat and lean body mass measured by DEXA, and plasma PAI-1 at baseline and after 4 weeks of HGI or LGI diets

    HGI diet
    LGI diet
    Baseline*4 weeks*Baseline*4 weeks*
    Total cholesterol (mmol/l)4.79 ± 0.244.90 ± 0.205.33 ± 0.43†4.46 ± 0.29‡§‖**
    LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)2.89 ± 0.263.03 ± 0.213.46 ± 0.44†2.63 ± 0.26‡§‖**
    HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)1.22 ± 0.131.28 ± 0.131.32 ± 0.11†1.29 ± 0.11
    Triacylglycerols (mmol/l)1.51 ± 0.0.261.32 ± 0.191.24 ± 0.201.21 ± 0.19
    FFA (mmol/l)1.30 ± 0.251.47 ± 0.26†1.21 ± 0.191.02 ± 0.18‡§‖**
    Apolipoprotein B (g/l)1.04 ± 0.061.05 ± 0.061.07 ± 0.07†1.01 ± 0.06††‡§**
    Total fat mass (kg)24.9 ± 2.425.5 ± 2.626.3 ± 3.125.5 ± 2.7
    Lean mass (kg)65.3 ± 0.963.8 ± 0.963.7 ± 1.163.9 ± 0.9
    PAI-1 activity23.4 ± 5.224.6 ± 5.325.6 ± 3.8†15.8 ± 1.8‡§‖**
    • Data are means ± SE (n = 12). LDL was calculated by use of the Friedewald formula.

    • *

      ↵* Results during the 8-h metabolic profile before (baseline data) or after (4-week data) the chronic nutritional periods. During the 8-h metabolic profile, values were taken just before (data in the fasting state, 0 min).

    • Data followed by different superscripts (including * and †) for a row are significantly different at P < 0.05.

    • §

      ↵§ Changes during the dietary periods (Δ = baseline data − 4-week data, HGI vs. LGI).

    • **

      ↵** P < 0.05 by paired Student’s test;

    • ‖

      ↵‖ P < 0.01, and

    • ††

      ↵†† P < 0.001 by ANOVA.

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Improved Plasma Glucose Control, Whole-Body Glucose Utilization, and Lipid Profile on a Low-Glycemic Index Diet in Type 2 Diabetic Men
Salwa W. Rizkalla, Laika Taghrid, Muriel Laromiguiere, Dorothée Huet, Josette Boillot, Aude Rigoir, Fabienne Elgrably, Gerard Slama
Diabetes Care Aug 2004, 27 (8) 1866-1872; DOI: 10.2337/diacare.27.8.1866

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Improved Plasma Glucose Control, Whole-Body Glucose Utilization, and Lipid Profile on a Low-Glycemic Index Diet in Type 2 Diabetic Men
Salwa W. Rizkalla, Laika Taghrid, Muriel Laromiguiere, Dorothée Huet, Josette Boillot, Aude Rigoir, Fabienne Elgrably, Gerard Slama
Diabetes Care Aug 2004, 27 (8) 1866-1872; DOI: 10.2337/diacare.27.8.1866
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