Work Disability Among Individuals With Diabetes
Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1—
Study subjects with work disability (being disabled or otherwise employed, having missed ≥5 days of work in the prior month, and/or having severe difficulty with work tasks) by number of diabetes complications and depression status.
Tables
- Table 1—
Characteristics of study sample
n 1,642 Age (years) 50.8 ± 8.2 Female 811 (49.4) Ethnicity Caucasian 1,180 (73.5) African American 181 (11.3) Asian or Pacific Islander 188 (11.7) Other 57 (3.6) Education level Not a high school graduate 45 (2.8) High school graduate 183 (11.2) Some college 711 (43.6) College graduate 379 (23.2) Postgraduate education 313 (19.2) Type 1 diabetes 147 (9.0) BMI (kg/m2) <30 634 (39.1) 30 to <35 414 (25.5) 35 to <40 285 (17.6) ≥40 288 (17.8) HbA1c (%) <7.0 482 (29.4) 7.0 to <8.0 445 (27.1) 8.0 to <10.0 490 (29.8) ≥10 225 (13.7) Diabetes complications 0 659 (40.1) 1 565 (34.4) 2 246 (15.0) ≥3 172 (10.5) Comorbidity Lowest 743 (45.3) 2nd quartile 503 (30.6) 3rd quartile 211 (12.9) Highest 185 (11.3) Diabetes symptoms (out of 10) 0–1 646 (39.7) 2–4 641 (39.4) ≥5 340 (20.9) Times exercised ≥30 min/week <3 717 (44.1) 3–4 420 (25.8) ≥5 489 (30.1) Smoked in the previous 7 days 230 (14.2) Depressive symptoms Not depressed 1,243 (75.7) Minor depression 132 (8.0) Major depression/dysthymia 267 (16.3) Experienced any work disability 305 (18.6) Disabled or otherwise unemployed 194 (11.8) Missed ≥5 work days in prior month 82 (6.7) Had severe difficulty with work tasks 50 (4.0) -
Data are means ± SD or n (%).
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- Table 2—
Relative risk estimates for disability risk factors estimated by Poisson regression for three indicators of work disability
Risk factor (reference group) Disabled or otherwise unemployed Missed ≥5 days from work in the prior month Had severe difficulty with work tasks n 1,556 1,168 1,175 Depression (not depressed) Minor depression 1.70 (1.1–2.6)* 1.77 (0.9–3.6) 3.15 (1.2–8.0)* Major depression 2.09 (1.5–2.8)† 2.84 (1.7–4.7)† 4.50 (2.3–8.7)† Diabetes symptoms (0–1) 2–4 1.83 (1.3–2.7)† 1.67 (0.9–3.1) 7.12 (1.7–29.8)† ≥5 2.42 (1.6–3.6)† 2.66 (1.4–5.0)† 10.3 (2.3–45.6)† Comorbidity (1st quartile) 2nd quartile RxRisk 1.54 (1.0–2.3)* 1.69 (1.0–2.9) 2.45 (1.1–5.3)* 3rd quartile RxRisk 1.66 (1.1–2.6)* 1.76 (0.9–3.4) 2.83 (1.2–6.8)* 4th quartile RxRisk 2.52 (1.7–3.8)† 2.39 (1.2–4.9)* 2.66 (1.0–6.9)* Diabetes complications (0) 1 1.19 (0.8–1.8) 1.51 (0.9–2.5) 1.02 (0.5–2.0) 2 1.54 (1.0–2.4)* 1.44 (0.8–2.7) 1.13 (0.5–2.6) ≥3 2.55 (1.7–3.8)† 1.57 (0.7–3.4) 1.04 (0.4–2.5) Glycemic control (HbA1c <7%) 7 to <8% 0.99 (0.7–1.4) 0.87 (0.5–1.6) 1.23 (0.6–2.7) 8 to <10% 0.73 (0.5–1.0) 1.00 (0.6–1.8) 1.19 (0.6–2.5) ≥10% 0.47 (0.3–0.8)† 1.18 (0.6–2.2) 1.36 (0.6–3.1) Type 1 vs. type 2 status (type 2) Type 1 1.88 (1.2–3.0)† 0.60 (0.1–2.5) 0.57 (0.1–6.2) BMI (<30 kg/m2 ) 30 to <35 0.76 (0.5–1.1) 1.25 (0.7–2.3) 1.12 (0.5–2.6) 35 to <40 0.76 (0.5–1.1) 0.89 (0.4–1.8) 1.25 (0.5–3.4) ≥40 0.87 (0.6–1.3) 1.08 (0.6–2.0) 1.40 (0.6–3.5) Exercise frequency (<3 times/week) 3–4 0.98 (0.7–1.4) 1.02 (0.6–1.7) 0.84 (0.4–1.8) ≥5 1.07 (0.8–1.5) 1.23 (0.7–2.0) 1.26 (0.6–2.7) Current smoker (No) Yes 1.09 (0.8–1.5) 1.31 (0.8–2.2) 1.14 (0.6–2.1) Sex (Male) Female 1.06 (0.8–1.4) 1.18 (0.7–1.9) 1.23 (0.7–2.3) Ethnicity (Caucasian) Asian or Pacific Islander 0.81 (0.4–1.5) 1.18 (0.6–2.4) 1.02 (0.4–2.6) African American 1.47 (1.0–2.2)* 1.64 (0.9–2.9) 0.61 (0.2–2.0) Other 1.40 (0.7–2.6) 1.93 (0.8–4.5) 0.51 (0.1–3.2) Education (high school) Some college 0.61 (0.5–0.8)† 0.62 (0.4–1.0) 0.70 (0.3–1.5) - Table 3—
Relative risk estimates for any of the three forms of work disability estimated by Poisson regression for three indicators of work disability
Risk factor (reference group) Any of the three forms of work disability n 1,337 Depression (not depressed) Minor depression 1.80 (1.3–2.5)* Major depression 2.26 (1.8–2.8)* Diabetes symptoms (0–1) 2–4 1.93 (1.4–2.6)* ≥5 2.52 (1.8–3.5)* Comorbidity (1st quartile) 2nd quartile RxRisk 1.60 (1.2–2.1)* 3rd quartile RxRisk 1.66 (1.2–2.3)* 4th quartile RxRisk 2.25 (1.7–3.1)* Diabetes complications (0) 1 1.30 (1.0–1.7) 2 1.42 (1.0–1.9)† ≥3 1.92 (1.4–2.6)* Glycemic control (HbA1c <7%) 7 to <8% 0.96 (0.7–1.2) 8 to <10% 0.87 (0.7–1.1) ≥10% 0.82 (0.6–1.1) Type 1 vs. type 2 status (type 2) Type 1 1.28 (0.9–1.9) BMI (<30 kg/m2) 30 to <35 0.94 (0.7–1.2) 35 to <40 0.83 (0.6–1.1) ≥40 1.01 (0.8–1.3) Exercise frequency (<3 times/week) 3–4 0.97 (0.8–1.2) ≥5 1.14 (0.9–1.4) Current smoker (No) Yes 1.19 (0.9–1.5) Gender (Male) Female 1.10 (0.9–1.4) Ethnicity (Caucasian) Asian or Pacific Islander 0.90 (0.6–1.4) African American 1.32 (1.0–1.8) Other 1.32 (0.8–2.1) Education (high school) Some college 0.66 (0.5–0.8)* - Table 4—
Study subjects with a work disability by depression, diabetes, and comorbidity status
Number of diabetes complications Not depressed Minor depression Major depression All individuals Disabled or otherwise unemployed 0 4.4 7.4 18.6 6.5 1 6.7 14.6 18.4 9.2 2 10.6 30.4 27.9 15.5 ≥3 28.1 — 51.0 35.5 All individuals 8.3 15.9 26.2 11.8 Missing ≥5 days from work in the prior month (if employed) 0 2.6 8.7 15.8 4.5 1 5.2 8.8 19.7 7.5 2 4.6 7.7 23.1 7.7 ≥3 6.0 — 38.1 13.3 All individuals 4.0 8.4 21.2 6.7 Had severe difficulty with work tasks (if employed) 0 0.7 6.7 17.2 3.0 1 1.7 5.7 15.9 4.0 2 3.8 7.7 15.4 5.9 ≥3 2.9 — 19.1 6.5 All individuals 1.6 6.3 16.7 4.0 -
Data are percent. Percentages with a cell sample size <10 are not reported.
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June 2005, 28(6)
