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Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk

Sex Differences in Endothelial Function Markers Before Conversion to Pre-Diabetes: Does the Clock Start Ticking Earlier Among Women?

The Western New York Study

  1. Richard P. Donahue, PHD1,
  2. Karol Rejman, MS1,
  3. Lisa B. Rafalson, MS1,
  4. Jacek Dmochowski, PHD12,
  5. Saverio Stranges, MD1 and
  6. Maurizio Trevisan, MD, MS1
  1. 1Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
  2. 2Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
  1. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Richard P. Donahue, PhD, MPH, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, 35 Main St., Farber Hall, Room 268 F, Buffalo, NY 14214. E-mail: rpd1{at}buffalo.edu
Diabetes Care 2007 Feb; 30(2): 354-359. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-1772
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Article Figures & Tables

Tables

  • Table 1—

    Age and age-adjusted mean levels of selected risk factors according to sex and case/control status

    Risk factor at baselineWomen
    Men
    P value for interaction*
    Case subjectsControl subjectsP valueCase subjectsControl subjectsP value
    n5215639117
    Age (years)61.6 ± 10.856.5 ± 10.30.00163.0 ± 11.360.9 ± 11.40.2770.215
    BMI (kg/m2)28.8 ± 5.427.5 ± 5.30.13625.7 ± 4.924.7 ± 3.50.1610.260
    Waist (cm)91.3 ± 12.986.2 ± 12.30.01389.7 ± 12.886.9 ± 9.20.1360.278
    CRP (μg/ml)4.7 ± 3.54.1 ± 2.90.2362.5 ± 2.61.8 ± 1.80.0470.951
    Interleukin-6 (pg/ml)3.0 ± 2.12.9 ± 1.60.7341.8 ± 1.22.1 ± 1.80.2360.337
    E-selectin (ng/ml)51.2 ± 17.945.5 ± 18.20.05840.1 ± 16.942.0 ± 16.60.5290.033
    sICAM-1 (ng/ml)274.7 ± 61.4252.5 ± 52.80.012252.2 ± 50.7255.8 ± 57.70.7330.016
    PAI-1 (ng/ml)37.3 ± 18.826.1 ± 16.3<0.00127.5 ± 15.628.4 ± 17.80.7690.002
    Adiponectin (ng/ml)9.1 ± 5.211.4 ± 5.00.0046.8 ± 4.47.2 ± 4.00.5480.111
    ln triglycerides (mg/dl)4.7 ± 0.54.5 ± 0.50.0244.7 ± 0.64.6 ± 0.50.1720.227
    Fasting glucose (mg/dl)91.9 ± 4.888.3 ± 5.5<0.00194.0 ± 3.690.6 ± 5.1<0.0010.833
    ln ACR (mg/g)1.91 ± 0.81.79 ± 0.70.7941.4 ± 0.91.4 ± 0.70.2650.810
    HOMA-IR3.3 ± 1.62.8 ± 1.30.0433.7 ± 1.93.1 ± 1.80.0800.965
    Hypertension (%)†49.727.00.00461.147.10.1100.304
    • Data are means ± SD.

    • *

      ↵* Interaction of sex by case-control status. †Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or receiving treatment.

  • Table 2—

    Age- and BMI-adjusted mean levels of selected risk factors according to sex and case/control status

    Women
    Men
    P value for interaction*
    Case subjectsControl subjectsP valueCase subjectsControl subjectsP value
    n5215639117
    Waist (cm)87.985.60.02392.992.40.6270.219
    CRP (μg/ml)4.44.00.4522.72.20.1120.854
    Interleukin-6 (pg/ml)2.82.80.8561.92.20.1590.405
    E-selectin (ng/ml)51.045.50.07341.143.60.4240.036
    sICAM-1 (ng/ml)272.5252.00.022257.8264.40.5230.017
    PAI-1 (ng/ml)34.725.90.00129.231.60.4200.003
    Adiponectin (ng/ml)9.711.40.0236.66.90.6360.189
    ln triglycerides (mg/dl)4.74.50.0584.74.60.2130.257
    Fasting glucose (mg/dl)91.688.3<0.00194.290.7<0.0010.973
    ln ACR (mg/g)1.61.50.7111.81.80.8010.823
    HOMA-IR3.32.70.1493.63.30.2620.829
    Hypertension (%)†46.126.90.01165.554.50.2030.320
    • Data are means.

    • *

      ↵* Interaction of sex by case-control status.

    • †

      ↵† Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or receiving treatment.

  • Table 3—

    Age-, BMI-, and HOMA-IR–adjusted mean levels of selected risk factors according to sex and case/control status

    Women
    Men
    P value for interaction*
    Case subjectsControl subjectsP valueCase subjectsControl subjectsP value
    n5215639117
    Waist (cm)87.785.80.05693.292.50.5110.354
    CRP (μg/ml)4.54.10.4572.82.20.1100.845
    Interleukin-6 (pg/ml)2.82.90.7621.92.20.2250.458
    E-selectin (ng/ml)51.245.50.06240.543.20.3740.036
    sICAM-1 (ng/ml)273.0254.50.036254.8264.00.3740.010
    PAI-1 (ng/ml)34.627.00.00326.831.70.0970.001
    Adiponectin (ng/ml)9.611.10.0556.86.90.9030.131
    ln triglycerides (mg/dl)4.64.50.2304.74.60.3630.306
    ln ACR (mg/g)1.61.50.7831.71.80.5230.765
    Hypertension (%)†44.528.80.03563.654.80.3060.331
    • Data are means.

    • *

      ↵* Interaction of sex by case-control status.

    • †

      ↵† Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or receiving treatment.

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Sex Differences in Endothelial Function Markers Before Conversion to Pre-Diabetes: Does the Clock Start Ticking Earlier Among Women?
Richard P. Donahue, Karol Rejman, Lisa B. Rafalson, Jacek Dmochowski, Saverio Stranges, Maurizio Trevisan
Diabetes Care Feb 2007, 30 (2) 354-359; DOI: 10.2337/dc06-1772

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Sex Differences in Endothelial Function Markers Before Conversion to Pre-Diabetes: Does the Clock Start Ticking Earlier Among Women?
Richard P. Donahue, Karol Rejman, Lisa B. Rafalson, Jacek Dmochowski, Saverio Stranges, Maurizio Trevisan
Diabetes Care Feb 2007, 30 (2) 354-359; DOI: 10.2337/dc06-1772
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