Elevated Cystatin C Concentration and Progression to Pre-Diabetes
The Western New York Study
Article Figures & Tables
Tables
- Table 1—
Selected baseline characteristics among prediabetic case patients and matched control subjects
Case patients Control subjects P value n 91 273 Age (years) 57.9 ± 11.0 54.2 ± 10.8 0.005 BMI (kg/m2) 28.1 ± 5.2 26.9 ± 4.6 0.040 Waist (cm) 91.9 ± 13.4 87.2 ± 12.5 0.003 Abdominal height (cm) 21.2 ± 3.2 20.1 ± 3.2 0.005 Lifetime total pack-years (cigarettes) 14.4 ± 22.6 9.1 ± 15.8 0.037 Physical activity (METs in past 7 days) 259.1 ± 46.3 262.4 ± 49.8 0.574 Glucose (mg/dl) 94.2 ± 4.3 90.4 ± 5.4 <0.001 HOMA 3.4 ± 1.7 2.9 ± 1.5 0.011 ACR (mg/g) 12.0 ± 37.4 7.3 ± 10.4 0.256 Cystatin C (mg/l) 1.0 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.1 <0.001 eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2)* 83.0 ± 17.7 85.3 ± 17.0 0.275 Serum creatinine (g/l) 0.8 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.1 0.579 Male sex (%) 42.9 42.9 — White (%) 95.6 95.6 — Education >12 years (%) 59.3 71.1 0.038 Family history of diabetes (%) 42.9 26.7 0.005 Hypertension (%) 38.6 20.8 0.001 Family history of hypertension (%) 39.3 35.7 0.549 Smoking (%) 0.017 Never 37.4 51.8 Ever 62.6 48.2 Drinking (%) 0.028 Abstainer 7.7 9.7 Non-current 30.8 20.4 Non-daily 50.5 64.7 Daily 11.0 5.2 -
Data are means ± SD or n (%).
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↵* eGFR = 186 × (serum creatinine−1.154) × (age−0.203) × 1.21 (if black) or × 0.742 (if female).
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†Matching variable.
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- Table 2—
Age-adjusted ORs (95% CI) for progression to pre-diabetes according to selected baseline characteristics
Case patients Control subject OR (95% CI) BMI (kg/m2) <27 43 (47.8) 161 (60.3) 1.00 ≥27 47 (52.2) 106 (39.7) 1.62 (0.99–2.66) Family history of diabetes No 48 (57.1) 189 (73.3) 1.00 Yes 36 (42.9) 69 (26.7) 1.85 (1.12–3.07)* Smoking Never 34 (37.4) 141 (51.8) 1.00 Ever 57 (62.6) 131 (48.2) 1.95 (1.15–3.31)* Current alcohol drinker No 35 (38.5) 81 (30.1) 1.00 Yes 56 (61.5) 188 (69.9) 0.65 (0.38–1.12) Hypertension No 54 (61.4) 213 (79.2) 1.00 Yes 34 (38.6) 56 (20.8) 2.39 (1.35–4.22)† Physical activity (total METs in past 7 days) < median 52 (57.1) 136 (50.0) 1.00 ≥ median 39 (42.9) 136 (50.0) 0.82 (0.40–1.37) HOMA-IR 1 (low) 15 (17.0) 90 (33.2) 1.00 2 35 (39.8) 91 (32.6) 2.19 (1.12–4.28)* 3 (high) 38 (42.2) 90 (33.2) 2.75 (1.37–5.54)† ACR (mg/g) <20 78 (92.9) 232 (94.3) 1.00 ≥20 6 (7.1) 14 (5.7) 0.94 (0.34–2.60) eGFR < median 52 (57.1) 134 (49.1) 1.00 ≥ median 39 (42.9) 139 (50.9) 0.84 (0.50–1.40) Serum creatinine (g/l) < median 39 (42.9) 130 (47.6) 1.00 (0.66–2.11) ≥ median 52 (57.1) 143 (52.4) 1.18 - Table 3—
Multivariate ORs (95% CI) for progression to pre-diabetes according to baseline quintile of cystatin C (top 20% vs. lowest 80%)
Cystatin C (mg/l) Case patients Control subjects Model 1 Model 2 Lowest 80% 42 (46.7) 218 (79.9) 1.00 1.00 Top 20% 48 (53.3) 55 (20.1) 5.08 (2.69–9.58)* 3.28 (1.43–7.54)† -
Data are n (%) or OR (95% CI) from conditional logistic regression using matched cases and controls. All models are conditioned on sex, race, and year of study enrollment. Model 1 was adjusted for age. Model 2 was adjusted for age, BMI (weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters), family history of diabetes (no or yes), current smoker (never or ever), lifetime pack-years, fasting glucose (milligrams per deciliter), current drinker (no or yes), baseline hypertension (no or yes), HOMA-IR, and eGFR.
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↵* P < 0.001
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↵† P < 0.01.
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