Diabetes-Related Autoantibodies and Gestational Diabetes
- 1Servei d'Endocrinologia i Nutrició, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- 2Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- 3Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Área de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Prof. Dr. Alberto de Leiva, Servei d'Endocrinologia i Nutrició, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Avinguda Sant Antoni M. Claret, 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain. E-mail: aleiva{at}santpau.es
Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1—
ICA titers: GDM versus type 1 diabetes. □, GDM; ▪, type 1 diabetes.
Tables
- Table 1—
DRAs in women with GDM
Author n ICA prevalence (%) IAA prevalence (%) GADA prevalence (%) I-A2A prevalence (%) Steel et al. (17) 50 10 Ginsberg-Fellner et al. (20)* 88 35 Fallucca et al. (18) 39 5 Freinkel et al. (1) 160 7.5† Stowers et al. (19)‡ 72 12.5 Catalano et al. (21)‡ 187 1.6 Bell et al. (22) 181 2.8 Stangerberg et al. (23) 55 1.8 Mauricio et al. (24) 307 12.4† Ziegler et al. (25) 55 11 Damm et al. (26) 139 2.9§ 0§ Tuomilehto et al. (50) 112 5.0 Beischer et al. (51)‡ 734 1.8 Mauricio et al. (3) 203 1 Petersen et al. (52) 139 2.2§ Lapolla et al. (27) 68 2.9 1.5 Dozio et al. (28) 145 10§ 3.0§ 0§ 0§ Fuchtenbusch et al. (29) 437 8.5† 9.5† 6.2† Fallucca et al. (53) 83 3.6§ Whittingham et al. (30) 98 3 4 1 Panczel et al. (31)‡ 68 14.7 Kinalski et al. (32)‡ 156 5.1† 7.0† 3.2† Mitchell et al. (54) 100 6† Bartha et al. (33)‡ 102 0.98 10.8 Kousta et al. (55)‡ 321 4.0 Weng et al. (56)‡ 66 4.5§ Balaji et al. (57) 86 41 GADA/IA-2† Lapolla et al. (34) 70 2.8 1.4 0 Albareda et al. (35) 535 14 1.5 0.2 Bo et al. (36) 123 6.5† 4.1† Järvelä et al. (37) 435 12.5† 5.9† 4.7† 1.0§ -
Adapted from Lauenborg et al. (84). For groups with several articles on the subject, the first article reporting the prevalence of each autoantibody is included.
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↵* The method was later shown to produce false-positive results.
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↵† P < 0.05 vs. the control population.
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↵‡ Measurements were performed at different times after delivery;
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↵§ NS vs. the control population. ‖Women had both GDM and a positive family history of diabetes.
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- Table 2—
Prevalence of IAAs in women with GDM according to ICA status, as compared with first-degree relatives of subjects with type 1 diabetes
n Prevalence GDM ICA+ 27 11% ICA− 135 0.7% FDR ICA+ 34 10% ICA− 23 4% -
Adapted from Mauricio et al. (3).
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- Table 3—
Abnormal glucose tolerance at follow-up in women with GDM and DRAs
Author Follow-up ICAs IAAs GADAs IA-2As Several DRAs Steel et al. (17) 1 year Predictive of type 1 diabetes Ginsberg-Fellner et al. (20) Years Predictive of type 1 diabetes Stowers et al. (19) Up to 22 years Not predictive of the final state of glucose tolerance Catalano et al. (21) Up to 4 years Predictive of IGT Stangerberg et al. (23) 2–4 months Not predictive of abnormal OGTT* Mauricio et al. (24) Months Predictive of diabetes Damm et al. (26) Up to 11 years Predictive of type 1 diabetes Beischer et al. (51) Years GADAs at follow-up associated with type 1 and type 2 diabetes Petersen et al. (52) Up to 11 years Predictive of type 1 diabetes Predictive of type 1 diabetes DRA positivity predictive of type 1 diabetes Fuchtenbusch et al. (29) Up to 5 years Predictive of type 1 diabetes* Predictive of type 1 diabetes* Not predictive of type 1 diabetes* Risk of type 1 diabetes increases with the number of DRAs* Panczel et al. (31) Up to 14 years Predictive of type 1 diabetes Kousta et al. (55) Up to 45 months GADAs at follow-up not associated with different FBG or HOMA estimations of insulin secretion and sensitivity Weng et al. (56) 1 year No association with diabetes/IGT Lapolla et al. (34) 5 years DRA positivity, borderline association to type 1 diabetes Albareda et al. (35) Up to 11 years DRA positivity not predictive of diabetes, type 1 diabetes, or type 2 diabetes* Järvelä et al. (37) Up to 7 years Predictive of type 1 diabetes* Predictive of type 1 diabetes* Not predictive of type 1 diabetes* Number of DRAs predictive of type 1 diabetes* Löbnner et al. (83) Up to 11 years GAD and/or IA-2 positivity predictive of diabetes* -
For groups with several articles on the subject, only articles providing new information on the predictive ability of DRAs are included.
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↵* Adjusted for other predictors. FBG, fasting blood glucose; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.
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