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Original Articles

Low Birth Weight as a Risk Factor for Gestational Diabetes, Diabetes, and Impaired Glucose Tolerance During Pregnancy

  1. David J. Pettitt, MD and
  2. Lois Jovanovic, MD
  1. From the Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, California
  1. Address correspondence and reprint requests to David J. Pettitt, MD, Senior Scientist, Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, 2219 Bath St., Santa Barbara, CA 93105. E-mail: dpettitt{at}sansum.org
Diabetes Care 2007 Jul; 30(Supplement 2): S147-S149. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-s207
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    Figure l—

    Prevalence of GDM in women according to their birth weight (note varying scales on both axes). A: Pima Indians (data from Pettitt and Knowler [14]); B: Norwegian women (data from Egeland et al. [16]); C: African-American women (data from Williams et al. [15]); D: women from New York State (data from Innes et al. [17]).

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  • Table 1—

    Studies reporting GDM in relation to a woman's own birth weight

    AuthorPopulation/locationSample sizePresentationFindings
    Pettitt and Knowler (14)Pima IndiansPrevalence by birth weightU-shaped association of diabetes prevalence
    Age 15–24 years57315- to 24-year-old group, highest rate in birth weight ≥4.5 kg
    Age 25–34 years25825- to 34-year-old group, highest rate in birth weight <2.5 kg
    Williams et al. (15)Washington State41,839Prevalence by birth weight
    Non-Hispanic white21,528Linear inverse relationship
    African-American6,359U-shaped—significantly higher at <2,000 and ≥4,000 g
    Native American7,456Linear inverse
    Hispanic6,496Linear from <2,000–3,000 g, flat above 3,000 g
    Egeland et al. (16)Norway: birth registry138,714Prevalence by birth weightU-shaped—significantly higher at <2,500 g
    Innes et al. (17)New York State Birth Registry 1994–199823,314Prevalence by birth weightU-shaped—significant linear inverse trend from <2,000–4,000 g; ≥4,000 g significantly higher
    Seghieri et al. (18)Pistoia, Italy: women with positive 50-g screen604Prevalence by birth weightSignificantly higher at birth weight <2,600 g; unrelated at higher birth weights
    Savona-Ventura and Chircop (19)Malta324 with GDMFrequency distribution of birth weightBirth weight distribution significantly different from that of the general population; higher at 1,000–2,000 g (risk ratio = 2.8) and at ≥4,500 g (risk ratio = 2.7)
    Bo et al. (20)Torino, Italy50 with IGT; 50 with GDM; 200 normalFrequency distribution of birth weightBirth weight distribution among IGT/GDM significantly different from normal; linear inverse among IGT/GDM, flat across quartiles among women with normal OGTT
    Moses et al. (21)Australia138 with GDM2-h glucose by birth sizeSGA women with GDM had higher 2-h glucose
    • IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; SGA, small for gestational age.

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July 2007, 30(Supplement 2)
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Low Birth Weight as a Risk Factor for Gestational Diabetes, Diabetes, and Impaired Glucose Tolerance During Pregnancy
David J. Pettitt, Lois Jovanovic
Diabetes Care Jul 2007, 30 (Supplement 2) S147-S149; DOI: 10.2337/dc07-s207

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Low Birth Weight as a Risk Factor for Gestational Diabetes, Diabetes, and Impaired Glucose Tolerance During Pregnancy
David J. Pettitt, Lois Jovanovic
Diabetes Care Jul 2007, 30 (Supplement 2) S147-S149; DOI: 10.2337/dc07-s207
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