Dietary Patterns, Insulin Resistance, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in the Whitehall II Study

Epidemiology/Health Services Research

¹School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
²Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, U.K.

Diabetes Care 2008 Jul; 31(7): 1343-1348. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-1946

Article Figures & Tables

Table 1—

Food groups in the dietary pattern with factor loadings >0.20 and the mean intakes across quartiles of the dietary pattern score

Food	Factor loadings	Mean intake (g/day)						P_trend
Food	Factor loadings			Quartile 1	Quartile 2	Quartile 3	Quartile 4	P_trend
Direct associations
Low calorie/diet soft drinks	0.27	12.5 ± 0.8	18.3 ± 1.0	23.5 ± 1.2	73.6 ± 3.6	<0.0001
Onions, leeks, and garlic	0.25	20.3 ± 0.4	20.8 ± 0.4	23.7 ± 0.4	33.9 ± 0.9	<0.0001
Sugar-sweetened beverages	0.23	37.3 ± 1.6	49.7 ± 1.8	65.5 ± 2.2	112.8 ± 4.1	<0.0001
Burgers and sausages	0.22	4.5 ± 0.1	5.8 ± 0.1	6.9 ± 0.1	9.1 ± 0.2	<0.0001
Crisps or other packet snacks	0.22	4.0 ± 0.1	5.1 ± 0.2	6.7 ± 0.2	10.9 ± 0.4	<0.0001
White bread and rolls	0.20	13.3 ± 0.6	20.3 ± 0.7	29.6 ± 0.9	42.3 ± 1.1	<0.0001
Inverse associations
Medium- and high-fiber breakfast cereals	−0.24	60.6 ± 1.3	38.1 ± 0.8	30.8 ± 0.7	25.5 ± 0.7	<0.0001
Jam, marmalade, and honey	−0.22	17.7 ± 0.5	10.3 ± 0.3	8.3 ± 0.3	5.9 ± 0.2	<0.0001
French dressing and vinaigrette	−0.21	2.8 ± 0.1	1.6 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.0	0.9 ± 0.0	<0.0001
Wholemeal bread and rolls	−0.21	72.8 ± 1.5	48.0 ± 1.3	37.0 ± 1.2	26.6 ± 1.0	<0.0001

Table 2—

Baseline subject characteristics according to quartiles of the dietary pattern score

	Total	Quartile 1	Quartile 2	Quartile 3	Quartile 4	P value*
Age (years)	49.5 ± 0.1	49.6 ± 0.1	49.4 ± 0.1	49.5 ± 0.1	49.5 ± 0.1	0.8
Sex (% male)	69.6	70.9	70.8	69.7	66.9	0.03
Ethnicity (% Caucasian)	90.4	97.5	96.4	91.2	76.3	<0.0001
Employment grade (% low employment grade)	16.1	8.5	11.7	16.5	27.9	<0.0001
Smoking (% smokers)	13.5	8.8	12.2	15.0	18.3	<0.0001
Alcohol intake (g/day)	12.1 ± 0.2	11.6 ± 0.3	12.2 ± 0.3	12.5 ± 0.4	12.2 ± 0.4	0.3
Physical activity (times/week of vigorous activity)	1.1 ± 0.0	1.22 ± 0.05	1.09 ± 0.04	1.12 ± 0.04	1.05 ± 0.04	0.04
BMI (kg/m²)	25.3 ± 0.0	24.0 ± 0.1	24.8 ± 0.1	25.6 ± 0.1	26.6 ± 0.1	<0.0001
Hypertension (%)†	16.7	12.7	15.9	18.2	20.2	<0.0001

Data are means ± SE unless otherwise specified. n = 7,339.
*
↵* χ² test for proportion or one-way ANOVA across quartiles as appropriate.
†
↵† Defined as systolic blood pressure >140 mmHg or as diastolic blood pressure >90 mmHg.

Table 3—

HRs and 95% CI of type 2 diabetes across quartiles of dietary pattern score

	Quartile 1	Quartile 2	Quartile 3	Quartile 4	P_trend
No. of cases/participants	62/1,723	91/1,694	122/1,700	152/1,582
Model 1: age and sex	1	1.50 (1.08–2.07)	2.08 (1.53–2.82)	3.00 (2.23–4.03)	< 0.0001
Model 2: + energy misreporting	1	1.44 (1.04–2.00)	1.98 (1.46–2.70)	2.95 (2.19–3.97)	< 0.0001
Model 3: + ethnicity	1	1.43 (1.03–1.98)	1.91 (1.40–2.60)	2.50 (1.84–3.40)	< 0.0001
Model 4: + employment grade	1	1.39 (1.01–1.93)	1.81 (1.32–2.47)	2.31 (1.69–3.15)	< 0.0001
Model 5: + smoking, alcohol, physical activity	1	1.38 (1.00–1.91)	1.79 (1.31–2.45)	2.27 (1.67–3.11)	< 0.0001
Model 6: + blood pressure	1	1.34 (0.97–1.86)	1.72 (1.26–2.35)	2.12 (1.54–2.90)	< 0.0001
Model 7: + BMI (without blood pressure)	1	1.27 (0.91–1.76)	1.50 (1.09–2.05)	1.55 (1.13–2.15)	< 0.0001
Model 8: + blood pressure and BMI	1	1.24 (0.90–1.73)	1.48 (1.08–2.02)	1.51 (1.10–2.09)	< 0.0001