Prevalence of Diabetes and High Risk for Diabetes Using A1C Criteria in the U.S. Population in 1988–2006
Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1
Undiagnosed diabetes in the U.S. population aged ≥20 years by three diagnostic criteria—NHANES 2005–2006. Comparisons were calculated among individuals in the OGTT subsample in 2005–2006 (n = 2,017); consequently some estimates may differ slightly from those in Table 1. The thresholds of diagnostic criteria for diabetes were A1C ≥6.5%, FPG ≥7.0 mmol/1, and 2-h glucose ≥11.1 mmol/1. Point estimates (%) and 95% CIs for the categories are: A1C alone = 0.3 (0.0–0.7); FPG alone = 0.2 (0.0–0.5); 2-h glucose alone = 2.5 (1.9–3.2); A1C and FPG not 2-h glucose = 0.0; A1C and 2-h glucose not FPG = 0.1 (0.0–0.3); FPG and 2-h glucose not A1C = 1.0 (0.3–1.8); A1C, FPG, and 2-h glucose = 1.2 (0.5–2.0); total A1C = 1.6 (0.7–2.5); total FPG = 2.5 (1.2–3.8); total 2-h glucose = 4.9 (3.4–6.4); diagnosed diabetes = 7.8 (6.7–8.8); nodiabetes = 86.9 (84.6–89.1).
Tables
- Table 1
Crude prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes (A1C ≥6.5%), total diabetes (diagnosed and undiagnosed combined), total diabetes that is undiagnosed, and at high risk for diabetes (A1C ≥6.0 to <6.5%), by age, sex, and race/ethnicity: NHANES 2003–2006 (n = 13,094)
Diagnosed diabetes Undiagnosed diabetes Total diabetes Total diabetes that is undiagnosed At high risk for diabetes Combined age-groups (years) ≥12 6.8 (6.1–7.5) 1.6 (1.2–1.9) 8.4 (7.6–9.2) 19.0 (15.2–22.7) 3.1 (2.7–3.4) ≥20 7.8 (7.0–8.6) 1.8 (1.4–2.2) 9.6 (8.7–10.5) 19.0 (15.2–22.7) 3.5 (3.0–3.9) ≥65 17.7 (15.6–19.7) 3.5 (2.6–4.3) 21.1 (18.7–23.5) 16.3 (12.9–19.8) 8.1 (6.6–9.6) Age-specific groups (years) 12–19 0.4 (0.2–0.7) 0.1 (0.0–0.2) 0.5 (0.2–0.8) 17.5 (0.0–36.4) 0.3 (0.1–0.5) 20–39 1.9 (1.4–2.4) 0.6 (0.3–0.9) 2.5 (1.9–3.1) 25.6 (16.3–35.0) 0.7 (0.4–1.0) 40–59 8.1 (6.9–9.4) 2.0 (1.3–2.7) 10.1 (8.7–11.5) 19.5 (13.1–25.9) 3.7 (3.1–4.4) 60–74 17.6 (15.7–19.5) 3.5 (2.1–4.9) 21.1 (18.7–23.4) 16.5 (10.7–22.2) 7.1 (5.5–8.8) ≥75 15.2 (12.9–17.6) 3.5 (2.4–4.6) 18.7 (16.6–20.9) 18.8 (12.7–24.9) 8.7 (7.2–10.2) Sex by age (years) Men ≥12 6.5 (5.6–7.5) 1.8 (1.2–2.4) 8.3 (7.4–9.3) 21.8 (15.2–28.4) 3.1 (2.7–3.6) ≥20 7.5 (6.4–8.5) 2.1 (1.4–2.8) 9.6 (8.5–10.6) 21.8 (15.2–28.4) 3.5 (3.0–4.1) ≥65 18.1 (15.3–20.9) 3.8 (2.2–5.3) 21.8 (18.5–25.2) 17.2 (11.2–23.2) 8.3 (6.6–10.0) Women ≥12 7.1 (6.2–7.9) 1.4 (1.1–1.7) 8.4 (7.4–9.4) 16.3 (13.3–19.3) 3.0 (2.4–3.6) ≥20 8.0 (7.1–8.9) 1.6 (1.2–1.9) 9.6 (8.4–10.7) 16.3 (13.3–19.3) 3.4 (2.7–4.1) ≥65 17.4 (14.8–20.0) 3.2 (2.2–4.3) 20.6 (17.5–23.7) 15.7 (11.8–19.5) 7.9 (6.0–9.9) Race/ethnicity by age (years) Non-Hispanic white ≥12 6.2 (5.3–7.1) 1.3 (0.8–1.8) 7.5 (6.5–8.5) 17.5 (12.1–22.9) 2.7 (2.3–3.2) ≥20 6.9 (6.0–7.9) 1.5 (0.9–2.0) 8.4 (7.3–9.5) 17.5 (12.1–23.0) 3.1 (2.6–3.6) ≥65 16.0 (13.8–18.2) 2.8 (1.9–3.8) 18.8 (16.2–21.4) 15.1 (10.9–19.3) 7.7 (6.1–9.3) Non-Hispanic black ≥12 9.3 (8.0–10.5) 2.1 (1.6–2.5) 11.4 (10.0–12.7) 18.3 (14.6–21.9) 5.7 (4.7–6.6) ≥20 11.2 (9.7–12.6) 2.5 (1.9–3.0) 13.7 (12.1–15.2) 18.2 (14.5–21.9) 6.7 (5.6–7.8) ≥65 25.2 (19.7–30.7) 7.5 (4.9–10.1) 32.7 (26.8–38.5) 22.9 (15.4–30.4) 13.2 (9.8–16.7) Mexican American ≥12 6.5 (5.3–7.7) 2.5 (1.5–3.5) 9.0 (7.4–10.6) 27.9 (19.4–36.3) 2.3 (1.5–3.1) ≥20 7.9 (6.5–9.2) 3.0 (1.8–4.2) 10.9 (9.0–12.8) 27.7 (19.2–36.2) 2.8 (1.8–3.7) ≥65 26.6 (22.5–30.7) 5.2 (2.5–8.0) 31.8 (28.4–35.2) 16.4 (7.9–25.0) 8.3 (3.7–12.8) Data are % (95% CI). Diagnosed diabetes determined by self-report on interview. Values by age alone and by sex include those of race/ethnic groups not listed separately.
- Table 2
Standardized prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes (A1C ≥6.5%), total diabetes (diagnosed and undiagnosed combined), percent of total diabetes that is undiagnosed, and at high risk of diabetes (A1C ≥6.0 to <6.5%), by age, sex, and race/ethnicity: NHANES 1988–1994, 1999–2002, 2003–2006
1988–1994 1999–2002 2003–2006 n 15,891 8,973 9,025 Diagnosed diabetes Combined age groups (years) ≥20 5.3 (4.8–5.8) 6.6 (5.9–7.3) 7.6 (6.9–8.3) ≥65 12.5 (11.0–13.9) 14.9 (13.2–16.6) 17.7 (15.6–19.8) Age-specific groups (years) 20–39 1.1 (0.6–1.6) 1.6 (1.0–2.3) 1.9 (1.4–2.4) 40–59 5.5 (4.6–6.4) 6.8 (5.7–7.9) 8.1 (6.9–9.4) 60–74 11.9 (10.3–13.5) 15.5 (13.9–17.2) 17.7 (15.7–19.6) ≥75 13.7 (11.8–15.6) 13.6 (10.6–16.6) 15.1 (12.8–17.3) Sex (age ≥20 years) Men 5.3 (4.7–5.8) 7.2 (6.2–8.2) 7.6 (6.6–8.6) Women 5.3 (4.6–6.1) 6.1 (5.3–6.9) 7.6 (6.8–8.4) Race/ethnicity (age ≥20 years) Non-Hispanic white 4.8 (4.2–5.5) 5.3 (4.6–6.0) 6.3 (5.5–7.0) Non-Hispanic black 8.4 (7.5–9.2) 10.9 (9.4–12.3) 12.2 (10.8–13.6) Mexican American 9.4 (8.5–10.4) 10.4 (9.4–11.5) 12.0 (10.4–13.6) Undiagnosed diabetes Combined age groups (years) ≥20 2.1 (1.8–2.5) 1.6 (1.3–2.0) 1.8 (1.4–2.2) ≥65 4.4 (3.4–5.4) 3.2 (2.4–4.0) 3.5 (2.6–4.4) Age-specific groups (years) 20–39 0.4 (0.2–0.6) 0.5 (0.1–0.8) 0.6 (0.3–0.9) 40–59 2.6 (1.9–3.2) 1.8 (1.3–2.3) 2.0 (1.3–2.7) 60–74 4.3 (3.2–5.5) 3.7 (2.7–4.7) 3.5 (2.1–4.9) ≥75 5.5 (3.8–7.2) 3.2 (1.9–4.4) 3.6 (2.4–4.8) Sex (age ≥20 years) Men 2.6 (2.1–3.1) 2.0 (1.5–2.5) 2.1 (1.5–2.7) Women 1.8 (1.4–2.1) 1.3 (1.0–1.7) 1.5 (1.2–1.8) Race/ethnicity (age ≥20 years) Non-Hispanic white 1.6 (1.2–1.9) 1.2 (0.9–1.5) 1.3 (0.9–1.8) Non-Hispanic black 5.0 (4.3–5.6) 3.1 (2.4–3.8) 2.7 (2.2–3.3) Mexican American 4.0 (3.0–4.9) 2.7 (2.0–3.4) 3.6 (2.3–4.9) Total diabetes Combined age groups (years) ≥20 7.4 (6.8–8.1) 8.2 (7.3–9.1) 9.3 (8.6–10.1) ≥65 16.9 (15.2–18.6) 18.1 (16.2–20.1) 21.2 (18.8–23.6) Age-specific groups (years) 20–39 1.5 (1.0–2.0) 2.1 (1.3–2.9) 2.5 (1.9–3.1) 40–59 8.1 (6.8–9.4) 8.6 (7.3–10.0) 10.1 (8.7–11.5) 60–74 16.2 (14.3–18.1) 19.2 (17.1–21.3) 21.1 (18.8–23.5) ≥75 19.2 (16.9–21.6) 16.8 (13.6–19.9) 18.6 (16.6–20.7) Sex (age ≥20 years) Men 7.8 (7.1–8.6) 9.2 (7.9–10.5) 9.7 (8.8–10.6) Women 7.1 (6.2–8.0) 7.4 (6.5–8.3) 9.1 (8.1–10.1) Race/ethnicity (age ≥20 years) Non-Hispanic white 6.4 (5.6–7.2) 6.5 (5.7–7.3) 7.6 (6.7–8.5) Non-Hispanic black 13.3 (12.3–14.4) 14.0 (12.6–15.4) 14.9 (13.4–16.5) Mexican American 13.4 (12.2–14.5) 13.2 (12.1–14.2) 15.6 (14.2–16.9) Percent of total diabetes that is undiagnosed Combined age groups (years) ≥20 28.9 (23.2–34.6) 20.6 (15.1–26.1) 21.5 (16.6–26.4) ≥65 25.6 (20.5–30.7) 17.6 (13.8–21.4) 16.4 (12.9–19.9) Age-specific groups (years) 20–39 28.1 (15.2–40.9) 21.8 (9.9–33.7) 25.6 (16.2–34.9) 40–59 31.4 (26.1–36.7) 20.4 (15.3–25.6) 19.4 (13.3–25.5) 60–74 26.7 (20.8–32.7) 19.1 (14.6–23.5) 16.4 (10.8–22.0) ≥75 27.6 (21.1–34.2) 19.1 (11.6–26.6) 19.2 (12.8–25.7) Sex (age ≥20 years) Men 30.4 (22.7–38.1) 22.6 (13.1–32.2) 25.4 (16.4–34.3) Women 27.8 (20.1–35.5) 18.7 (11.5–26.0) 17.8 (12.4–23.1) Race/ethnicity (age ≥20 years) Non-Hispanic white 19.5 (11.7–27.3) 16.9 (10.1–23.8) 17.1 (6.5–27.6) Non-Hispanic black 41.6 (35.2–47.9) 26.7 (13.5–40.0) 15.7 (8.7–22.7) Mexican American 44.3 (38.1–50.6) 15.2 (11.1–19.3) 34.6 (23.0–46.1) At high risk for diabetes Combined age groups (years) ≥20 4.9 (4.4–5.5) 3.2 (2.6–3.7) 3.4 (3.0–3.8) ≥65 10.8 (9.7–11.9) 6.6 (5.3–7.9) 8.1 (6.6–9.6) Age-specific groups (years) 20–39 1.8 (1.2–2.3) 0.8 (0.5–1.2) 0.7 (0.4–1.0) 40–59 5.2 (4.3–6.0) 3.6 (2.7–4.6) 3.7 (3.1–4.4) 60–74 9.3 (7.9–10.7) 6.5 (4.9–8.2) 7.1 (5.5–8.8) ≥75 12.1 (9.7–14.5) 6.9 (5.4–8.4) 8.7 (7.2–10.2) Sex (age ≥20 years) Men 5.3 (4.4–6.1) 3.3 (2.6–3.9) 3.6 (3.1–4.1) Women 4.6 (4.0–5.2) 3.1 (2.4–3.8) 3.2 (2.6–3.9) Race/ethnicity (age ≥20 years) Non-Hispanic white 3.7 (3.1–4.2) 2.5 (1.9–3.0) 2.7 (2.3–3.2) Non-Hispanic black 12.5 (11.3–13.7) 5.9 (4.5–7.3) 7.2 (6.2–8.2) Mexican American 5.9 (4.7–7.2) 3.8 (2.9–4.7) 3.6 (2.5–4.6) Data are % (95% CI). Diagnosed diabetes determined by self-report on interview. Values by age alone and by sex include those of race/ethnic groups not listed separately. Estimates for the total population aged ≥20 years and for race/ethnic groups were age- and sex-standardized, estimates for age-specific groups including those aged ≥65 years were sex-standardized, and estimates for sex groups were age-standardized (all using the 2000 U.S. Census population).
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