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Original Research

Breakfast Frequency and Development of Metabolic Risk

  1. Andrew O. Odegaard, PHD1⇑,
  2. David R. Jacobs Jr., PHD1,
  3. Lyn M. Steffen, PHD1,
  4. Linda Van Horn, PHD2,
  5. David S. Ludwig, MD, PHD3 and
  6. Mark A. Pereira, PHD1
  1. 1Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
  2. 2Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
  3. 3New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
  1. Corresponding author: Andrew Odegaard, odeg0025{at}umn.edu.
Diabetes Care 2013 Oct; 36(10): 3100-3106. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-0316
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE The relation of breakfast intake frequency to metabolic health is not well studied. The aim of this study was to examine breakfast intake frequency with incidence of metabolic conditions.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed an analysis of 3,598 participants from the community-based Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study who were free of diabetes in the year 7 examination when breakfast and dietary habits were assessed (1992–1993) and participated in at least one of the five subsequent follow-up examinations over 18 years.

RESULTS Relative to those with infrequent breakfast consumption (0–3 days/week), participants who reported eating breakfast daily gained 1.9 kg less weight over 18 years (P = 0.001). In a Cox regression analysis, there was a stepwise decrease in risk across conditions in frequent breakfast consumers (4–6 days/week) and daily consumers. The results for incidence of abdominal obesity, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension remained significant after adjustment for baseline measures of adiposity (waist circumference or BMI) in daily breakfast consumers. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for daily breakfast consumption were as follows: abdominal obesity HR 0.78 (95% CI 0.66–0.91), obesity 0.80 (0.67–0.96), metabolic syndrome 0.82 (0.69–0.98), and hypertension 0.84 (0.72–0.99). For type 2 diabetes, the corresponding estimate was 0.81 (0.63–1.05), with a significant stepwise inverse association in black men and white men and women but no association in black women. There was no evidence of differential results for high versus low overall dietary quality.

CONCLUSIONS Daily breakfast intake is strongly associated with reduced risk of a spectrum of metabolic conditions.

Footnotes

  • This article contains Supplementary Data online at http://care.diabetesjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.2337/dc13-0316/-/DC1.

  • Received February 6, 2013.
  • Accepted April 17, 2013.
  • © 2013 by the American Diabetes Association.

Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ for details.

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Diabetes Care: 44 (4)

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Breakfast Frequency and Development of Metabolic Risk
Andrew O. Odegaard, David R. Jacobs, Lyn M. Steffen, Linda Van Horn, David S. Ludwig, Mark A. Pereira
Diabetes Care Oct 2013, 36 (10) 3100-3106; DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0316

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Breakfast Frequency and Development of Metabolic Risk
Andrew O. Odegaard, David R. Jacobs, Lyn M. Steffen, Linda Van Horn, David S. Ludwig, Mark A. Pereira
Diabetes Care Oct 2013, 36 (10) 3100-3106; DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0316
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© 2021 by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care Print ISSN: 0149-5992, Online ISSN: 1935-5548.