Relationships Between Gastric Emptying, Postprandial Glycemia, and Incretin Hormones

Data are mean ± SEM. Blood glucose (A), plasma insulin (B), plasma GLP-1 (C), and plasma GIP (D) concentrations in response to a 120-min intraduodenal glucose infusion at 1 kcal/min (G1), 2 kcal/min (G2), 4 kcal/min (G4), or (intraduodenal) saline control (S) in 10 healthy subjects and eight type 2 diabetic patients. *P < 0.05 vs. control, #P < 0.05 vs. G1, §P < 0.05 vs. G2. Reprinted with permission from Ma et al. (11).

Relationship between the effect of GLP-1 (1.2 pmol/kg/min intravenous) on gastric emptying and the rate of gastric emptying on placebo in critically ill patients (n = 25). Gastric emptying of a 100-mL nutrient liquid (Ensure) labeled with ¹³C octanoic acid was measured with a breath test and the gastric emptying coefficient (GEC) determined. A lower GEC is indicative of more rapid gastric emptying. R = −0.48, P < 0.001. Reprinted with permission from Deane et al. (47).

Data are mean ± SEM. Gastric emptying (A) and blood glucose (B), plasma insulin (C), plasma GLP-1 (D), plasma GIP (E), and plasma CCK (F) concentrations in response to a mashed potato meal in eight type 2 diabetic patients. On each study day, subjects ingested 350 mL beef-flavored soup 30 min before a radiolabeled mashed potato meal; 55 g whey protein was added either to the soup (whey preload), to the potato (whey in meal), or no whey was given (no whey). *P < 0.05, whey preload vs. whey in meal; #P < 0.05, whey in meal vs. no whey; §P < 0.05, whey preload vs. no whey. Reprinted with permission from Ma et al. (59).