Cut Points for Identifying Clinically Significant Diabetes Distress in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Using the PAID-T: Results From Diabetes MILES Youth–Australia

Clinical Care/Education/Nutrition/Psychosocial Research

¹Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
²The Australian Centre for Behavioural Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
³Royal Children’s Hospital and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
⁴Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
⁵School of Psychological and Clinical Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
⁶Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
⁷Applied Health Psychology Research, Hornchurch, Essex, U.K.

Diabetes Care 2017 Nov; 40(11): 1462-1468. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-0441

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Figure 1
Association between DD (PAID-T total score) and the number of items endorsed by category not a problem (A), moderate problem (B), and serious problem (C).
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Figure 2
Association between mean PAID-T total score (95% CI, error bars) and the range of PHQA-8 scores (A), levels of self-reported HbA_1c (B), and SMBG frequency (C).

Table 1

Participant characteristics

Table 2

Difference in mean scores and effect sizes for psychological and clinical variables by severity of DD

	Total sample	Severity of DD^‡			Difference	Effect size (d)	P
	Total sample	None-to-mild	Moderate	High	Difference	Effect size (d)	P
N (%)	537 (100)	247 (46)	98 (18)	192 (36)
DD	77 ± 30	49 ± 12	80 ± 6	111 ± 15			<0.001
Depressive symptoms	6.8 ± 6.0	3.5 ± 3.5	7.1 ± 4.3	10.8 ± 6.6	+3.6^*	0.92	<0.001
Depressive symptoms					+3.8^†	0.66	<0.001
HbA_1c (%)	8.1 ± 1.5	7.7 ± 1.3	8.0 ± 1.4	8.7 ± 1.6	+0.2^*	0.22	0.36
HbA_1c (%)					+0.8^†	0.47	0.001
HbA_1c (mmol/mol)	65 ± 16	61 ± 14	63 ± 15	72 ± 17	+3^*	0.22	0.36
HbA_1c (mmol/mol)					+8^†	0.47	0.001
SMBG	4.8 ± 2.1	5.2 ± 2.0	5.0 ± 1.8	4.2 ± 2.1	−0.2^*	0.11	0.72
SMBG					−0.8^†	0.41	0.002