Associations Between Diabetes and Both Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality Are Modified by Grip Strength: Evidence From UK Biobank, a Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study

People in the highest category for grip strength were used as the reference (Ref) category. Participants who were diagnosed with diabetes before the age of 30 years were removed from the analysis. All analyses were performed as a landmark analysis, with follow-up commencing 2 years after recruitment and including participants who were event free at that time. In addition, participants with comorbidities at baseline (depression, COPD, chronic asthma, chronic liver disease, alcohol problems, substance abuse, eating disorders, schizophrenia, cognitive impairment, Parkinson disease, dementia, chronic pain syndrome, heart disease, inflammatory disease, arthrosis, arthritis, CVD, and cancer [n = 103,755]) were excluded from all analyses. Model 0 was adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation index, professional qualifications, gross income, employment, and month of recruitment. Model 1 was adjusted for duration of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, baseline prevalence of hypertension, and history of recent medication for diabetes (insulin), hypertension, and cholesterol. Model 2 was adjusted for model 1 plus BMI category, smoking, TV viewing, PC screen time, category of sleep duration, physical activity, and dietary intake (alcohol, fruits and vegetables, red meat, processed meat, and oily fish).